PSYC 100 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Physical - Answers body, brain, sensory and motor skills, hormone levels.
Socio-emotional - Answers how we understand ourselves, interact with others, and experience and
regulate emotions.
Cognitive - Answers mental processes and abilities to think and communicate.
Physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive - Answers the three domans of development.
Teratogens - Answers environmental substances that harm prenatal development. Examples include
x-rays, viral infections (Zika, rubella), drugs, and alcohol. Impact depends on when, the amount, and
the duration of exposure.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) - Answers Small head, small eye opening, low nasal bridge, flat midface,
smooth philtrum (cupid's bow), and a thin upper lip.
Attachment - Answers enduring emotional bond between an infant and caregiver; aids in infant
survival.
Secure attachment - Answers infant is mildly distressed when the caregiver leaves, and is easily
comforted when the caregiver returns.
Avoidant attachment - Answers infant is not distressed when the caregiver leaves, and is
disinterested when the caregiver returns.
Ambivalent attachment - Answers infant is inconsolable when the caregiver leaves, and seeks out and
rejects when the caregiver returns.
Schema - Answers Mental structures (collections of ideas, prior knowledge, and experiences) that
help you organize information and guide your thought and behavior.
Assimilation - Answers using existing schema to interpret new experiences.
Accommodation - Answers revising schema to incorporate information from new experiences.
Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years) - Answers Understanding the world through senses; develops
object permanence (objects exist when not present to senses); Social referencing.
Social referencing - Answers looking to others for cues on how to react.
Preoperational stage (2-7 years) - Answers Language development; thinking symbolically about
objects (pretend play); egocentrism.
Egocentrism - Answers difficulty perceiving situations from another's point of view; lacks theory of
mind.
Concrete operational (7-11 years) - Answers Thinking logically about concrete events; understanding
conservation of number, mass, and weight.
Formal operational (12+ years) - Answers Thinking logically about abstract problems; concern about
the real and possible.
Authoritarian - Answers high demandingness and low responsiveness. Minimal emotional support;
strict rules with no explanation.
Authoritative - Answers high demandingness and high responsiveness. Clear rules with explained
reasoning; flexible.
Disengaged - Answers neglectful, low demandingness and low responsiveness. Few rules and
responsibilities; usually with overwhelmed parents.
Permissive - Answers low demandingness and high responsiveness. Warm and attentive; sets few
rules.
High demandingness and low responsiveness - Answers authoritarian
High demandingness and high responsiveness - Answers authoritative
Low demandingness and low responsiveness - Answers disengaged
Low demandingness and high responsiveness - Answers permissive
Habituation - Answers less responsive to a repeated stimulus. Common when relaxed or when the
stimulus is neither harmful nor rewarding.
Sensitization - Answers more response to a repeated stimulus. Common when physiologically
aroused.
Classical conditioning - Answers when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus; a type of
learned response in which a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a
stimulus that already produces a response. Physiological and reflexive; limited to existing behaviors;
stimulus is presented before the response.
Unconditioned stimulus (US) - Answers an innate response and does not require any prior learning.
, Unconditioned response (UCR) - Answers a behavior that does not need to be learned, like some
simple reflexes (the unconditioned response always becomes the conditioned response).
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Answers A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken
place (a conditioned stimulus can only produce a conditioned response).
Neutral stimulus (NS) - Answers A stimulus that does not produce a response (always becomes the
conditioned stimulus).
Conditioned response (CR) - Answers A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been
learned.
Spontaneous recovery - Answers the return of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest
period.
Extinction - Answers a decrease in a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus isn't
present.
Acquisition - Answers connecting the neutral stimulus (NS) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Discrimination - Answers distinguishing between stimuli; similar stimuli do not elicit the conditioned
response.
Generalization - Answers similar stimuli elicit the same conditioned response.
Operant conditioning - Answers a learning process in which an action's consequences determine how
likely an action is to be performed in the future. Reinforcement increases behavior and punishment
decreases behavior. More complex behaviors; stimulus is presented after the response.
Positive reinforcement - Answers adding a desirable stimulus.
Long-term memory - Answers relatives permanent retention; has no defined capacity; organized
based on meaning (schemas and network associations).
Explicit memory - Answers The long-term storage of conscious memories that can be verbally
described.
Episodic memory - Answers Refers to our personal experiences and includes information about the
time and place each experience occurred.
Semantic memory - Answers Our knowledge of facts independent of personal experience; we might
not remember where or when we learned a fact, but we know it.
Implicit memory - Answers does not require conscious effort and often cannot be verbally described.
Refers to memories that you are not conscious of; do not require conscious attention.
Classical conditioning - Answers memories formed automatically without deliberate effort.
Procedural memory - Answers Involved learning motor skills and behavioral habits and knowing how
to do things.
Negative punishment - Answers removing a desirable stimulus.
Positive punishment - Answers adding an undesirable stimulus.
Negative reinforcement - Answers removing an undesirable stimulus.
Primary reinforcers - Answers the value is unlearned; innately reinforcing (food, water).
Secondary reinforcers - Answers the value is learned; reinforcing qualities when linked with primary
reinforcers (money).
Shaping - Answers reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.
Instinctive drift - Answers reverting to evolutionarily derived behaviors instead of new, learned
responses.
Fixed interval (FI) schedule - Answers reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time has passed.
Variable interval (VI) schedule - Answers provides reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of
time has passed.
Fixed ratio (FR) schedule - Answers reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.
Variable ratio (VR) schedule - Answers provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of
responses.
Continuous reinforcement - Answers rewarding behavior every time; extinction is quick.
Encoding - Answers taking in/processing information from the world.
Storage - Answers maintenance/retention of information for later access.
Retrieval - Answers accessing the stored information when needed.
Shallow processing - Answers based on sensory characteristics.
Maintenance rehearsal - Answers Using working memory processes to repeat information based on
how it sounds (auditory information); provides only shallow encoding of information and less
successful long-term storage.
Deep processing - Answers based on meaning (semantic) and connections with past experiences.
Physical - Answers body, brain, sensory and motor skills, hormone levels.
Socio-emotional - Answers how we understand ourselves, interact with others, and experience and
regulate emotions.
Cognitive - Answers mental processes and abilities to think and communicate.
Physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive - Answers the three domans of development.
Teratogens - Answers environmental substances that harm prenatal development. Examples include
x-rays, viral infections (Zika, rubella), drugs, and alcohol. Impact depends on when, the amount, and
the duration of exposure.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) - Answers Small head, small eye opening, low nasal bridge, flat midface,
smooth philtrum (cupid's bow), and a thin upper lip.
Attachment - Answers enduring emotional bond between an infant and caregiver; aids in infant
survival.
Secure attachment - Answers infant is mildly distressed when the caregiver leaves, and is easily
comforted when the caregiver returns.
Avoidant attachment - Answers infant is not distressed when the caregiver leaves, and is
disinterested when the caregiver returns.
Ambivalent attachment - Answers infant is inconsolable when the caregiver leaves, and seeks out and
rejects when the caregiver returns.
Schema - Answers Mental structures (collections of ideas, prior knowledge, and experiences) that
help you organize information and guide your thought and behavior.
Assimilation - Answers using existing schema to interpret new experiences.
Accommodation - Answers revising schema to incorporate information from new experiences.
Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years) - Answers Understanding the world through senses; develops
object permanence (objects exist when not present to senses); Social referencing.
Social referencing - Answers looking to others for cues on how to react.
Preoperational stage (2-7 years) - Answers Language development; thinking symbolically about
objects (pretend play); egocentrism.
Egocentrism - Answers difficulty perceiving situations from another's point of view; lacks theory of
mind.
Concrete operational (7-11 years) - Answers Thinking logically about concrete events; understanding
conservation of number, mass, and weight.
Formal operational (12+ years) - Answers Thinking logically about abstract problems; concern about
the real and possible.
Authoritarian - Answers high demandingness and low responsiveness. Minimal emotional support;
strict rules with no explanation.
Authoritative - Answers high demandingness and high responsiveness. Clear rules with explained
reasoning; flexible.
Disengaged - Answers neglectful, low demandingness and low responsiveness. Few rules and
responsibilities; usually with overwhelmed parents.
Permissive - Answers low demandingness and high responsiveness. Warm and attentive; sets few
rules.
High demandingness and low responsiveness - Answers authoritarian
High demandingness and high responsiveness - Answers authoritative
Low demandingness and low responsiveness - Answers disengaged
Low demandingness and high responsiveness - Answers permissive
Habituation - Answers less responsive to a repeated stimulus. Common when relaxed or when the
stimulus is neither harmful nor rewarding.
Sensitization - Answers more response to a repeated stimulus. Common when physiologically
aroused.
Classical conditioning - Answers when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus; a type of
learned response in which a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a
stimulus that already produces a response. Physiological and reflexive; limited to existing behaviors;
stimulus is presented before the response.
Unconditioned stimulus (US) - Answers an innate response and does not require any prior learning.
, Unconditioned response (UCR) - Answers a behavior that does not need to be learned, like some
simple reflexes (the unconditioned response always becomes the conditioned response).
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Answers A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken
place (a conditioned stimulus can only produce a conditioned response).
Neutral stimulus (NS) - Answers A stimulus that does not produce a response (always becomes the
conditioned stimulus).
Conditioned response (CR) - Answers A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been
learned.
Spontaneous recovery - Answers the return of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest
period.
Extinction - Answers a decrease in a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus isn't
present.
Acquisition - Answers connecting the neutral stimulus (NS) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Discrimination - Answers distinguishing between stimuli; similar stimuli do not elicit the conditioned
response.
Generalization - Answers similar stimuli elicit the same conditioned response.
Operant conditioning - Answers a learning process in which an action's consequences determine how
likely an action is to be performed in the future. Reinforcement increases behavior and punishment
decreases behavior. More complex behaviors; stimulus is presented after the response.
Positive reinforcement - Answers adding a desirable stimulus.
Long-term memory - Answers relatives permanent retention; has no defined capacity; organized
based on meaning (schemas and network associations).
Explicit memory - Answers The long-term storage of conscious memories that can be verbally
described.
Episodic memory - Answers Refers to our personal experiences and includes information about the
time and place each experience occurred.
Semantic memory - Answers Our knowledge of facts independent of personal experience; we might
not remember where or when we learned a fact, but we know it.
Implicit memory - Answers does not require conscious effort and often cannot be verbally described.
Refers to memories that you are not conscious of; do not require conscious attention.
Classical conditioning - Answers memories formed automatically without deliberate effort.
Procedural memory - Answers Involved learning motor skills and behavioral habits and knowing how
to do things.
Negative punishment - Answers removing a desirable stimulus.
Positive punishment - Answers adding an undesirable stimulus.
Negative reinforcement - Answers removing an undesirable stimulus.
Primary reinforcers - Answers the value is unlearned; innately reinforcing (food, water).
Secondary reinforcers - Answers the value is learned; reinforcing qualities when linked with primary
reinforcers (money).
Shaping - Answers reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.
Instinctive drift - Answers reverting to evolutionarily derived behaviors instead of new, learned
responses.
Fixed interval (FI) schedule - Answers reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time has passed.
Variable interval (VI) schedule - Answers provides reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of
time has passed.
Fixed ratio (FR) schedule - Answers reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.
Variable ratio (VR) schedule - Answers provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of
responses.
Continuous reinforcement - Answers rewarding behavior every time; extinction is quick.
Encoding - Answers taking in/processing information from the world.
Storage - Answers maintenance/retention of information for later access.
Retrieval - Answers accessing the stored information when needed.
Shallow processing - Answers based on sensory characteristics.
Maintenance rehearsal - Answers Using working memory processes to repeat information based on
how it sounds (auditory information); provides only shallow encoding of information and less
successful long-term storage.
Deep processing - Answers based on meaning (semantic) and connections with past experiences.
