ANTHRO 101 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

ANTHRO 101 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Answers Oldest West and central Africa Originally found in Chad Relatively small canine teeth Smaller brains than chips Extremely limited evidence Ardipithecus ramidus - Answers 4.4 million years ago, second oldest East africa Pelvis allows for some bipedal walking but also had features of a climbing ape Grasping unarched foot for climbing and opposable big toe Brain size equal to modern chip Australopithecus afarensis - Answers 3.8-2.1 million years ago, 3rd oldest East africa Thick chewing muscles ( and cheek bone) Growth cycle closer to chips than modern humans Smaller cranial capacity than the genus homo Pelvis starts to look much closer to us Big toe inline with rest of foot Bipeadel but still better climber than us Noted as for sure bipeadeal Footprints have been found of them Lucy Adult female 3.2 mya Found in hadar, ethiopia Significant portion of skeleton found (47/207) Roughly proportional to leg bones to us but much smaller Paranthropus boisei - Answers 2.3- 1.3 million years ago, 4th oldest East africa Large molar teeth relative to body size with thick enamel Robust features, sagittal crest, massive zygomatic arches Bigger cheek bones for more surface are for large chewing muscles to attach meaning ability to chew tougher and abrasive food Homo habilis - Answers 4th youngest Handy man but not first tool makers Only africa Stone tools Oldwan tools Two stones; one to become the tool and one to make the tool; hit against each other so that the core becomes sharp Evidence of remains and butchery marks Physically similar to Australopithecines and better at climbing trees than we are Place in home questioned due to similarities Transitional form Homo Erectus - Answers 3rd youngest First known to move out of Africa and into asia Increases cultural capacity, greater reliance on hunting and food preocessing and cooperative behavior Stone tools Acheulean tools Constructed similarly to olduwan More semetrical Takes more precision More variation in style Used, reproduced, and sustained fire (technology) Keeps warm in cold climates (use of fire) Cooked forr is easier to consume (smaller muscles) and it kills parasites Ashes and burned animal bones found Homo neanderthalensis - Answers Coexisted with modern humans Europe and western Asia Stalker and more robust than Humans Direct ancestors to us Inbreeding with modern humans Some evidence of clothing Shanidar 1 First neanderthal found in a specific cave in the 50s Lived to his 40s or 50s (good for neadertal) Missing hand, withered arms, fractured skull Injuries inflicted around 20 years before death Shows that nedertals helped care for one another La Chapelle-Aux-Saints Early rendition of Neanderthals as hunched primitive caveman Mousterian tools Different tools for different task Flake tools Same technique for making the tools but the core is not the tool the flakes are Technique requires lots of preparation but yields a higher quality Shanidar 3 Currently in the us Possible punctured lung and wound gives evidence of thrown dart which would show evidence of fighting with current humans Unknown why they went extinct why modern humans survived shows that they generally cared for each other Homo Sapiens - Answers Anatomically modern humans Larger brains Smaller teeth Around the world Blade tools Flake tools 2x as long as it is wide More specialized Sagittal crest - Answers A prominent ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull, acting as an anchor for massive jaw muscles to provide immense biting and chewing force. Zygomatic arches - Answers A structural bridge on the side of the skull formed by the zygomatic bone and temporal bone. It acts as a crucial attachment point for the masseter muscle (chewing) and provides aesthetic facial contour, structural strength, and protection for underlying soft tissues Brow ridge - Answers A bony prominence on the frontal bone of the skull located directly above the eye sockets Dentition - Answers The arrangement or condition of the teeth in a particular species or individual. Cranial capacity - Answers The measure of the volume of the interior of the skull (cranium) is used as an indicator of brain size and cognitive evolution. Foramen magnum - Answers Skeleton property that allows bipedalism Hole at base of skull that allows brain to connect to spinal cord; in humans its anterior (more towards the front) so we can balance the head up right Shared Characteristics - Answers Characteristics that 2 or more species in a group share due to common ancestor Derived characteristics - Answers Trait unique to species that evolved after 2 or more species who have a common ancestor diverged For humans: Our brains Our teeth Locomotion The three morphological characteristics that make humans unique - Answers Humans brain Our brains are 3 times larger than our closet living relative Long brain development time and it requires a lot of energy to function Allows for problem solving , collaboration, and enculturation Consequently of faces are smaller and protrude less compared to other apes Teeth Smaller canines, reduced shearing complex and shorter, wider jaws Diastema none exist A gap between the canines and adjacent teeth for the canine on the lower teeth Bipedalism Allowed by skeletons Foramen magnum Hole at base of skull that allows brain to connect to spinal cord; in humans its anterior so we can balance the head up right Lumbar lordosis S shaped curvature of our spine that allows us to balance head over pelvis and stabilizes the body Pelvis Shorter and broader iliac blades helps allow bigger muscles to attach Bowl shaped to stabilize and hold up internal organs Angled femur and wide tibial plateau Inward angled femur to support the lower limbs under the body Tibial plateau is broad enough to disperse force and act as shock absorber Feet A platform for human walking and the arch absorbs shock Smaller big toes that don't grasp Advantages of bipedalism - Answers Hands free to carry objects Reach higher Better view Long distance walking and running Heat regulation Sun hits smaller area of body Performing ballet Disadvantages of bipedalism - Answers Pelvis shape doesn't allow for opening of child birth causes more pain during birth Predators can see you better Harder time climbing trees Lumbar lordosis - Answers Skeletal formation that allows bipedalism S shaped curvature of our spine that allows us to balance head over pelvis and stabilizes the body Bowl shaped pelvis - Answers Skeletal formation that allows bipedalism Shorter and broader iliac blades helps allow bigger muscles to attach Bowl shaped to stabilize and hold up internal organs Angled femur and wide tibial plateau - Answers Skeletal formation that allows bipedalism Inward angled femur to support the lower limbs under the body Tibial plateau is broad enough to disperse force and act as shock absorber Foot as a stable platform - Answers Skeletal formation that allows bipedalism The arch absorbs shock Smaller big toes that don't grasp and are inline with rest of foot Basic differences between chimp and human dentition - Answers Chips are bigger and palet is U shaped while humans are V Hominin - Answers The tribe to which humans and our direct ancestors belong Modern humans and now-extinct human species From about 7 mya on Not the as hominoid, which are humans and apes Difficulty with finding fossils - Answers Hard to make fossils Hard tissues (bone and teeth) slowly turn to stone and keep their shape Fossil record is extremely limited and conditions are very specific Dead organism and the soft tissue decompose till its just bones, skeletons are broken by trampling and buried by water and sediment, over time more sediments accumulate and bones fossilize, erosion exposes the layer containing the bones Laetoli Footprints - Answers they provide the earliest, most definitive evidence of upright, bipedal walking in human ancestors homo genus - Answers higher cranial capacity and use of tools and technologies Lose of Fur - Answers temperature control Pääbo's - Answers sequenced the neanderthal genome Recent African Origin Model - Answers Modern humans arose as a new species in Africa between 200,000 and 180,000 years ago Multiregional Evolution Model - Answers Modern humans are only the most recent version of a single species, homo sapiens, that had been in Africa, Asia, and Europe for at least 2 million years Multiple Dispersals Model - Answers Incorporates complexities in genetic datasets to argue that humans left Africa in multiple waves" Oldwan tools - Answers Homo Habilis Two stones; one to become the tool and one to make the tool; hit against each other so that the core becomes sharp Evidence of remains and butchery marks Acheulean tools - Answers Homo Erectus Constructed similarly to Oldwan More symmetrical Takes more precision More variation in style Mousterian tools - Answers Neaderthal Different tools for different task Flake tools Same technique for making the tools but the core is not the tool the flakes are Technique requires lots of preparation but yields a higher quality Blade tools - Answers Anatomically modern humans Flake tools 2x as long as it is wide More specialized Tool specialization - Answers making tools for more specific reasons Symbolic Expression - Answers Art Lascaux caves Full of paintings from 20,000 years ago Pitch dark caves and no known brushes Venus of Willendorf Early sculpture of a woman 25,000 years old Austrian Ideas of putting our own rituals on artifacts Venus of Brassempouv French 25000 Early depiction of sculpture with face Venus motif Current cultural attitudes affect how we see the past Happens with tools and things with practical functions Metropolitan museum has old tools in weapon section with no evidence that they were used that way Artifact - Answers Tangible, human-made, or modified objects—such as tools, art, or jewelry—used to understand past cultures, or in modern contexts, they are data, digital, or structural anomalies, and in-game item Materiality - Answers Having the quality of being physical or material An object made if modified by humans that is nit just an object but a collection of meanings, relationships and cultural process