NSG 5140
NSG 5140 Midterm Exam Review Advanced
Pathophysiology Graded A+ 2026
Sodium-Potassium Pump
The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating
an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in oxidative
phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering
both bicarbonate and pH.
B Lymphocytes
B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral
immunity.
Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury
Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell
swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing beta
cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation
Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area.
Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by developmental delays and distinct
facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis
NSG 5140
,NSG 5140
In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting in
liquefactive necrosis.
IgM
IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and complement
activation.
Oncogene
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell proliferation.
Hypokalemia
Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of
arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity
SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread inflammation
and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe
The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion
Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing cellular
dysfunction.
Bronchoconstriction and mucus production
Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and increased
mucus, narrowing the airway.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells without
inflammation.
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and causing
infarction.
Serum creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest impaired
renal function.
NSG 5140
, NSG 5140
Aldosterone
Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to increase
blood volume.
Hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and cardiac output.
Frank-Starling law of the heart
Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing output.
Elevated LDL cholesterol
LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls, promoting atherosclerosis.
Pulmonary edema
Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing fluid accumulation and
respiratory symptoms.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH increases serum calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Demyelination of CNS neurons
MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS, impairing nerve
conduction.
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, affecting movement.
Decreased erythropoietin production
Kidneys fail to produce erythropoietin, reducing RBC synthesis in the bone marrow.
Air trapping and hyperinflation
COPD causes loss of elastic recoil and obstruction, leading to air retention and barrel
chest.
Helicobacter pylori infection
H. pylori disrupts the mucosal barrier and induces inflammation, promoting ulcer
formation.
Hepatitis A
NSG 5140
NSG 5140 Midterm Exam Review Advanced
Pathophysiology Graded A+ 2026
Sodium-Potassium Pump
The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating
an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in oxidative
phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering
both bicarbonate and pH.
B Lymphocytes
B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral
immunity.
Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury
Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell
swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing beta
cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation
Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area.
Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by developmental delays and distinct
facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis
NSG 5140
,NSG 5140
In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting in
liquefactive necrosis.
IgM
IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and complement
activation.
Oncogene
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell proliferation.
Hypokalemia
Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of
arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity
SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread inflammation
and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe
The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion
Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing cellular
dysfunction.
Bronchoconstriction and mucus production
Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and increased
mucus, narrowing the airway.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells without
inflammation.
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and causing
infarction.
Serum creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest impaired
renal function.
NSG 5140
, NSG 5140
Aldosterone
Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to increase
blood volume.
Hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and cardiac output.
Frank-Starling law of the heart
Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing output.
Elevated LDL cholesterol
LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls, promoting atherosclerosis.
Pulmonary edema
Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing fluid accumulation and
respiratory symptoms.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH increases serum calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Demyelination of CNS neurons
MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS, impairing nerve
conduction.
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, affecting movement.
Decreased erythropoietin production
Kidneys fail to produce erythropoietin, reducing RBC synthesis in the bone marrow.
Air trapping and hyperinflation
COPD causes loss of elastic recoil and obstruction, leading to air retention and barrel
chest.
Helicobacter pylori infection
H. pylori disrupts the mucosal barrier and induces inflammation, promoting ulcer
formation.
Hepatitis A
NSG 5140
