COMPREHENSIVE VIROLOGY: VIRUS CLASSIFICATION,
REPLICATION, AND DISEASE DIAGNOSIS |VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% ACCURATE, A+
GRADED, GUARANTEED SUCCESS!
What are the two types of viral genomes? Answer: DNA or RNA
What are the classifications of viruses based on their genome structure? Answer:
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), Double-stranded RNA
(dsRNA), Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)
What are the stages of viral replication? Answer: Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating,
Synthesis, Transcription, Translation, Replication, Assembly/maturation, Release, Cell
lysis, Budding
How is Hepatitis A (HAV) primarily transmitted? Answer: Fecal-oral route, close
person-to-person contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water
What indicates an acute infection of Hepatitis A? Answer: IgM anti-HAV
What indicates immunity to Hepatitis A? Answer: (+) total anti-HAV along with (-) IgM
anti-HAV
What are the main transmission routes for Hepatitis E (HEV)? Answer: HEV-1 and
HEV-2 through feces-contaminated drinking water; HEV-3 and HEV-4 through infected
pork
What is a significant risk group for severe Hepatitis E infections? Answer: Pregnant
women and immunocompromised persons
How is Hepatitis B (HBV) transmitted? Answer: Through contact with infectious
blood/body fluids, including sexual contact and IV drug use
What is the first measurable sign of Hepatitis B infection? Answer: Hepatitis B surface
antigen (HBsAg)
1
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, What does the presence of anti-HBs indicate? Answer: Recovery from Hepatitis B
infection or vaccination
What is the significance of HBeAg in Hepatitis B? Answer: Marker of active viral
replication and high degree of infectivity
What does anti-HBc IgM indicate? Answer: First marker of immune response to
Hepatitis B infection
What is the second most common bloodborne infection in the US? Answer: Hepatitis B
(HBV)
What is the role of Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG)? Answer: Recommended for
unimmunized persons exposed to HBV
What are the four genotypes of Hepatitis E? Answer: HEV-1, HEV-2, HEV-3, HEV-4
What is a common outcome of acute Hepatitis A infection in adults? Answer: Produces
acute hepatitis
What is the significance of IgG anti-HEV? Answer: Indicates previous exposure to
Hepatitis E
What can Hepatitis B virus do after an acute infection? Answer: Remain in the body
and potentially reactivate, leading to chronic infection
What is the primary method of Hepatitis A prevention? Answer: Vaccination
What are the serological markers for acute Hepatitis B infection? Answer: Positive
HBsAg and HBeAg, with IgM anti-HBc present.
What is the most common bloodborne infection in the US? Answer: Hepatitis C (HCV)
How is Hepatitis C primarily transmitted? Answer: Through exposure to contaminated
blood and body fluids.
What are common routes of transmission for Hepatitis C? Answer: IV drug use, blood
transfusion (before 1992), needlestick injuries, sexual contact, and perinatal
transmission.
What is the role of Anti-HCV IgG in Hepatitis C? Answer: It is used for screening and
diagnosis of Hepatitis C infection.
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
REPLICATION, AND DISEASE DIAGNOSIS |VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% ACCURATE, A+
GRADED, GUARANTEED SUCCESS!
What are the two types of viral genomes? Answer: DNA or RNA
What are the classifications of viruses based on their genome structure? Answer:
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), Double-stranded RNA
(dsRNA), Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)
What are the stages of viral replication? Answer: Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating,
Synthesis, Transcription, Translation, Replication, Assembly/maturation, Release, Cell
lysis, Budding
How is Hepatitis A (HAV) primarily transmitted? Answer: Fecal-oral route, close
person-to-person contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water
What indicates an acute infection of Hepatitis A? Answer: IgM anti-HAV
What indicates immunity to Hepatitis A? Answer: (+) total anti-HAV along with (-) IgM
anti-HAV
What are the main transmission routes for Hepatitis E (HEV)? Answer: HEV-1 and
HEV-2 through feces-contaminated drinking water; HEV-3 and HEV-4 through infected
pork
What is a significant risk group for severe Hepatitis E infections? Answer: Pregnant
women and immunocompromised persons
How is Hepatitis B (HBV) transmitted? Answer: Through contact with infectious
blood/body fluids, including sexual contact and IV drug use
What is the first measurable sign of Hepatitis B infection? Answer: Hepatitis B surface
antigen (HBsAg)
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, What does the presence of anti-HBs indicate? Answer: Recovery from Hepatitis B
infection or vaccination
What is the significance of HBeAg in Hepatitis B? Answer: Marker of active viral
replication and high degree of infectivity
What does anti-HBc IgM indicate? Answer: First marker of immune response to
Hepatitis B infection
What is the second most common bloodborne infection in the US? Answer: Hepatitis B
(HBV)
What is the role of Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG)? Answer: Recommended for
unimmunized persons exposed to HBV
What are the four genotypes of Hepatitis E? Answer: HEV-1, HEV-2, HEV-3, HEV-4
What is a common outcome of acute Hepatitis A infection in adults? Answer: Produces
acute hepatitis
What is the significance of IgG anti-HEV? Answer: Indicates previous exposure to
Hepatitis E
What can Hepatitis B virus do after an acute infection? Answer: Remain in the body
and potentially reactivate, leading to chronic infection
What is the primary method of Hepatitis A prevention? Answer: Vaccination
What are the serological markers for acute Hepatitis B infection? Answer: Positive
HBsAg and HBeAg, with IgM anti-HBc present.
What is the most common bloodborne infection in the US? Answer: Hepatitis C (HCV)
How is Hepatitis C primarily transmitted? Answer: Through exposure to contaminated
blood and body fluids.
What are common routes of transmission for Hepatitis C? Answer: IV drug use, blood
transfusion (before 1992), needlestick injuries, sexual contact, and perinatal
transmission.
What is the role of Anti-HCV IgG in Hepatitis C? Answer: It is used for screening and
diagnosis of Hepatitis C infection.
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
