BACTERIAL SEROLOGY AND HOST-MICROBE
RELATIONSHIPS |VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
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Symbiotic Answer: Host and microbes live together long term.
Indigenous microbiota Answer: The natural microbial community residing in a specific
environment.
Commensalistic Answer: No benefit or harm to either organism.
Mutualistic Answer: Both host and microbe benefit.
Parasitic Answer: Microbes cause harm to the host.
Infectivity Answer: Organism's ability to establish an infection.
Pathogenicity Answer: Ability of an organism to cause disease.
Virulence Answer: Extent of pathology caused by an organism when it infects a host.
Endotoxin Answer: The lipid A portion of LPS in gram-negative cell walls; a powerful
stimulator of cytokine release.
Pili Answer: Adherence to host cells; resistance to phagocytosis.
Flagella Answer: Adherence to host cells; motility.
Capsule Answer: Blocks phagocytosis, antibody attachment, and complement
activation.
Exotoxins Answer: Potent toxic proteins released from living bacteria.
Neurotoxins Answer: A type of exotoxin that affects nerve cells.
Cytotoxins Answer: A type of exotoxin that affects cell function or viability.
Enterotoxins Answer: A type of exotoxin that affects the intestines.
Innate defenses Answer: Intact skin and mucosal surfaces (barriers to entry), normal
flora, and antimicrobial defense peptides.
Adaptive defenses Answer: Antibody production and cell-mediated immunity.
CD4 T cells Answer: Produce cytokines that induce inflammation.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes Answer: Attack host cells that contain intracellular bacteria.
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, Culture of the causative agent Answer: Grow on broth or solid media; a major means of
diagnosis.
Microscopic examination Answer: Gram stain or special stains for identifying bacteria.
Detection of bacterial antigens Answer: Rapid testing by ELISA, LFA, or LA.
Molecular detection of bacterial DNA or RNA Answer: Can obtain results in a few hours
with PCR.
Gram staining Answer: Based on the differences in their cell walls.
Streptococcus pyogenes Answer: Gram-positive cocci arranged in pairs or chains;
causes infections like impetigo and pharyngitis.
Impetigo Answer: A contagious skin infection common in young, preschool children,
characterized by fluid-filled blisters.
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Answer: Very serious, potentially fatal condition caused
by toxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus.
Superantigen Answer: A toxin that acts by causing polyclonal activation of many
different T cells and leads to massive release of cytokines.
Scarlet Fever Answer: Caused by exotoxin, symptoms include fever, sore throat, bright
red tongue resembling a strawberry, rash, and circumoral pallor.
Rheumatic Fever Answer: Develops 1 to 3 weeks after pharyngitis or tonsillitis in 2% to
3% of infected individuals, causing fever, arthritis, endocarditis, CNS symptoms, skin
lesions, and subcutaneous nodules.
Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction Answer: A reaction caused by immune responses to
streptococcal antigens that cross-react with antigens in heart, joints, skin, and brain,
leading to extensive tissue damage.
Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis Answer: May follow strep infection of the skin or
pharynx, damaging glomeruli and producing hematuria, proteinuria, edema,
hypertension, malaise, backache, and abdominal discomfort.
2
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RELATIONSHIPS |VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
100% ACCURATE, A+ GRADED, GUARANTEED SUCCESS!
Symbiotic Answer: Host and microbes live together long term.
Indigenous microbiota Answer: The natural microbial community residing in a specific
environment.
Commensalistic Answer: No benefit or harm to either organism.
Mutualistic Answer: Both host and microbe benefit.
Parasitic Answer: Microbes cause harm to the host.
Infectivity Answer: Organism's ability to establish an infection.
Pathogenicity Answer: Ability of an organism to cause disease.
Virulence Answer: Extent of pathology caused by an organism when it infects a host.
Endotoxin Answer: The lipid A portion of LPS in gram-negative cell walls; a powerful
stimulator of cytokine release.
Pili Answer: Adherence to host cells; resistance to phagocytosis.
Flagella Answer: Adherence to host cells; motility.
Capsule Answer: Blocks phagocytosis, antibody attachment, and complement
activation.
Exotoxins Answer: Potent toxic proteins released from living bacteria.
Neurotoxins Answer: A type of exotoxin that affects nerve cells.
Cytotoxins Answer: A type of exotoxin that affects cell function or viability.
Enterotoxins Answer: A type of exotoxin that affects the intestines.
Innate defenses Answer: Intact skin and mucosal surfaces (barriers to entry), normal
flora, and antimicrobial defense peptides.
Adaptive defenses Answer: Antibody production and cell-mediated immunity.
CD4 T cells Answer: Produce cytokines that induce inflammation.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes Answer: Attack host cells that contain intracellular bacteria.
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Culture of the causative agent Answer: Grow on broth or solid media; a major means of
diagnosis.
Microscopic examination Answer: Gram stain or special stains for identifying bacteria.
Detection of bacterial antigens Answer: Rapid testing by ELISA, LFA, or LA.
Molecular detection of bacterial DNA or RNA Answer: Can obtain results in a few hours
with PCR.
Gram staining Answer: Based on the differences in their cell walls.
Streptococcus pyogenes Answer: Gram-positive cocci arranged in pairs or chains;
causes infections like impetigo and pharyngitis.
Impetigo Answer: A contagious skin infection common in young, preschool children,
characterized by fluid-filled blisters.
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Answer: Very serious, potentially fatal condition caused
by toxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus.
Superantigen Answer: A toxin that acts by causing polyclonal activation of many
different T cells and leads to massive release of cytokines.
Scarlet Fever Answer: Caused by exotoxin, symptoms include fever, sore throat, bright
red tongue resembling a strawberry, rash, and circumoral pallor.
Rheumatic Fever Answer: Develops 1 to 3 weeks after pharyngitis or tonsillitis in 2% to
3% of infected individuals, causing fever, arthritis, endocarditis, CNS symptoms, skin
lesions, and subcutaneous nodules.
Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction Answer: A reaction caused by immune responses to
streptococcal antigens that cross-react with antigens in heart, joints, skin, and brain,
leading to extensive tissue damage.
Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis Answer: May follow strep infection of the skin or
pharynx, damaging glomeruli and producing hematuria, proteinuria, edema,
hypertension, malaise, backache, and abdominal discomfort.
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
