Cardiovascular Disorders (e.g., Hypertension,
Heart Failure, CAD) Exam Questions And Correct
Answers (Verified Answers) Plus Rationales
2025/2026 Q&A | Instant Download Pdf
1. Which of the following is considered the most common type of
hypertension?
A. Secondary hypertension
B. Primary (essential) hypertension
C. Malignant hypertension
D. White-coat hypertension
Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause and accounts for
about 90–95% of all hypertension cases.
2. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
A. Adaptive remodeling
B. Pathologic remodeling
C. Functional compensation
D. Valvular heart disease
Chronic pressure overload from hypertension causes pathologic
hypertrophy, which can eventually impair cardiac function.
3. Which lifestyle modification is most effective in lowering blood
pressure?
A. Daily multivitamins
B. Reducing sodium intake
,C. Increasing saturated fat intake
D. Avoiding all carbohydrates
Excess sodium contributes to fluid retention and elevated blood
pressure; reducing sodium is a key non-pharmacologic intervention.
4. A patient with heart failure presents with dyspnea, orthopnea,
and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. These are symptoms of:
A. Right-sided heart failure
B. Left-sided heart failure
C. Cardiogenic shock
D. Pulmonary embolism
Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion and fluid
accumulation in the lungs, causing these classic symptoms.
5. Which lab marker is most sensitive for detecting myocardial
injury?
A. CK-MB
B. Troponin I/T
C. Myoglobin
D. LDH
Troponins are highly specific and sensitive indicators of myocardial
injury and are the standard biomarker for diagnosing myocardial
infarction.
6. Angina pectoris is most commonly caused by:
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Coronary artery disease
,C. Pericarditis
D. Pulmonary hypertension
Angina occurs due to myocardial ischemia, which is usually caused by
atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries.
7. A patient with CAD is prescribed aspirin therapy. The main
purpose of aspirin is to:
A. Lower blood pressure
B. Dissolve existing clots
C. Prevent platelet aggregation
D. Reduce LDL cholesterol
Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of thrombus
formation and subsequent myocardial infarction.
8. Which of the following is a classic sign of right-sided heart
failure?
A. Pulmonary edema
B. Peripheral edema
C. Dyspnea on exertion
D. Angina
Right-sided heart failure causes systemic venous congestion, leading
to peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, and jugular venous distention.
9. Which of the following medications is a first-line therapy for
hypertension according to most guidelines?
A. Beta-blockers for all patients
B. Thiazide diuretics
, C. Calcium channel blockers only in elderly
D. ACE inhibitors only in diabetics
Thiazide diuretics are commonly used as first-line therapy because
they effectively reduce blood pressure and cardiovascular risk.
10. A 65-year-old male presents with crushing chest pain radiating
to the left arm. ECG shows ST-segment elevation. The priority
intervention is:
A. Oral beta-blocker
B. Immediate reperfusion therapy (PCI or thrombolysis)
C. Observation only
D. IV antibiotics
ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) requires rapid reperfusion
to restore coronary blood flow and minimize myocardial damage.
11. Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning in a patient
taking loop diuretics for heart failure?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypermagnesemia
D. Hypernatremia
Loop diuretics increase renal potassium excretion, which can lead to
dangerous hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmias.
12. Which type of shock is most commonly associated with acute
myocardial infarction?
A. Hypovolemic
B. Cardiogenic
Heart Failure, CAD) Exam Questions And Correct
Answers (Verified Answers) Plus Rationales
2025/2026 Q&A | Instant Download Pdf
1. Which of the following is considered the most common type of
hypertension?
A. Secondary hypertension
B. Primary (essential) hypertension
C. Malignant hypertension
D. White-coat hypertension
Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause and accounts for
about 90–95% of all hypertension cases.
2. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
A. Adaptive remodeling
B. Pathologic remodeling
C. Functional compensation
D. Valvular heart disease
Chronic pressure overload from hypertension causes pathologic
hypertrophy, which can eventually impair cardiac function.
3. Which lifestyle modification is most effective in lowering blood
pressure?
A. Daily multivitamins
B. Reducing sodium intake
,C. Increasing saturated fat intake
D. Avoiding all carbohydrates
Excess sodium contributes to fluid retention and elevated blood
pressure; reducing sodium is a key non-pharmacologic intervention.
4. A patient with heart failure presents with dyspnea, orthopnea,
and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. These are symptoms of:
A. Right-sided heart failure
B. Left-sided heart failure
C. Cardiogenic shock
D. Pulmonary embolism
Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion and fluid
accumulation in the lungs, causing these classic symptoms.
5. Which lab marker is most sensitive for detecting myocardial
injury?
A. CK-MB
B. Troponin I/T
C. Myoglobin
D. LDH
Troponins are highly specific and sensitive indicators of myocardial
injury and are the standard biomarker for diagnosing myocardial
infarction.
6. Angina pectoris is most commonly caused by:
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Coronary artery disease
,C. Pericarditis
D. Pulmonary hypertension
Angina occurs due to myocardial ischemia, which is usually caused by
atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries.
7. A patient with CAD is prescribed aspirin therapy. The main
purpose of aspirin is to:
A. Lower blood pressure
B. Dissolve existing clots
C. Prevent platelet aggregation
D. Reduce LDL cholesterol
Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of thrombus
formation and subsequent myocardial infarction.
8. Which of the following is a classic sign of right-sided heart
failure?
A. Pulmonary edema
B. Peripheral edema
C. Dyspnea on exertion
D. Angina
Right-sided heart failure causes systemic venous congestion, leading
to peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, and jugular venous distention.
9. Which of the following medications is a first-line therapy for
hypertension according to most guidelines?
A. Beta-blockers for all patients
B. Thiazide diuretics
, C. Calcium channel blockers only in elderly
D. ACE inhibitors only in diabetics
Thiazide diuretics are commonly used as first-line therapy because
they effectively reduce blood pressure and cardiovascular risk.
10. A 65-year-old male presents with crushing chest pain radiating
to the left arm. ECG shows ST-segment elevation. The priority
intervention is:
A. Oral beta-blocker
B. Immediate reperfusion therapy (PCI or thrombolysis)
C. Observation only
D. IV antibiotics
ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) requires rapid reperfusion
to restore coronary blood flow and minimize myocardial damage.
11. Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning in a patient
taking loop diuretics for heart failure?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypermagnesemia
D. Hypernatremia
Loop diuretics increase renal potassium excretion, which can lead to
dangerous hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmias.
12. Which type of shock is most commonly associated with acute
myocardial infarction?
A. Hypovolemic
B. Cardiogenic
