CCBC BIO 110 FINAL FINAL TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ endosymbiosis.
Answer: -may have occurred when larger cells ingested smaller ones-
mitochondria -- engulfed prokaryotic organisms-chloroplasts-- larger
eukaryotes ingested photosynthetic prokaryotes
◍ clonal deletion.
Answer: occurs when t and b cells are made to recognize self
◍ antifreeze proteins.
Answer: - in solid water, each water molecule forms bonds with four other
molecules -the problem with water-- when begins to freeze many small
crystals form, but a few small crystals dominate and grow larger and larger ,
stealing water molecules from the surrounding small crystals and may
rupture the cell -antifreeze proteins counteract this recrystallization effect
-they bind to the surface of the small ice crystals and slow or prevent the
growth into larger dangerous crystals. -flat, hydrophilic face of the molecule
absorbs to surface of ice crystal - hydrophobic face repels liquid water
molecules, inhibiting further crystal growth. -this makes it
thermodynamically unfavorable for water molecules to add to the ice lattice
- mimicry of ice structure
◍ What type of bond is formed 2 nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?.
Answer: phospho-diester bond
◍ If goal were to create a synthetic protein that might function similar to a
mucin what structure might you design?.
Answer: A charged amino acid with ionic bonds to attract water and beta
, turns, which will act as transport for hydrophilic molecules.
◍ If a solution has a pH of 5, how many more or less H ions are present than in
a solution with pH 6?.
Answer: A solution with a pH of 5 has 10x more H ions that a solution with
a pH of 6. A pH of 5 means there is a concentration of 10-5 H ions present.
A pH of 6 means there is 10-6 H ions present.
◍ our cells create long polypeptides and then cleave them into smaller chains.
Why?.
Answer: It is more efficient; large protein has two polypeptides and are
already folded correctly before they are clipped.
◍ What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and fatty acids?.
Answer: Ester bond
◍ A group of macromolecules that have many different functions are.
Answer: proteins
◍ Positive Regulation.
Answer: anything that makes transcription more likely; up-regulation of a
gene.
◍ DNA structure.
Answer: phosphate and sugar lie on the outside , bases inward -purines= A
and G -pyrimidines= T and C
◍ phosphodiester bond.
Answer: -bond in the backbone of Dna links a phosphate and the sugar (one
bond to a 5' carbon and one to a 3' carbon) - the phosphodiester bonds link
successive nucleotide units - the backbone of alternating pentose and
phosphate groups in both types of nucleic acid is highly polar -covalent - the
breaking of two phosphates energizes phosphodiester bonds.
◍ Why not only use carbs?.
Answer: it takes a lt takes up more space to store glucose than lipids; lipids
are less oxidized so they contain more energy per carbon
, ◍ What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?.
Answer: Dehydration synthesis builds molecules and hydrolysis breaks them
down
◍ tertiary structure of protein.
Answer: Interaction of R groups of different amino acids, contortions in
shape, disulfide bridges
◍ What bonds are present in each of the four different levels of protein
structure?.
Answer: Primary-PeptideSecondary- HydrogenTertiary- Hydrogen,
Covalent, and IonicQuaternary-Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic
◍ Dickerson Dodecamer.
Answer: -5' to 3' over 3' to 5' - some bases in the dodecamer were twisted
slightly-- not a feature of the watson and crick model - the slight departure
from the perfect watson and crick model is due to sequence differences
◍ A polysaccharide composed of the same subunits, but linked together
differently so that most organisms cannot digest it is ________________ .
This is known as dietary fiber..
Answer: starch
◍ based on your current knowledge of bio, do you have any reservations with
the following statement: the only info important to heredity is found in the
DNA sequence..
Answer: histones are proteins and DNA wraps around it. The tightness of
the wrap affects gene expression.
◍ Cell Cycle.
Answer: an effective cell cycle control system should have the following: - a
timer, that turns on each event at a specific time, this providing a fixed
amount of time for the completion of each event -a mechanism for initiating
events in the correct order; entry into mitosis -robustness: back up
mechanisms - adaptability -a mechanism to ensure that each event is
triggered only once per cycle -binary (on/off) switches that trigger events in
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ endosymbiosis.
Answer: -may have occurred when larger cells ingested smaller ones-
mitochondria -- engulfed prokaryotic organisms-chloroplasts-- larger
eukaryotes ingested photosynthetic prokaryotes
◍ clonal deletion.
Answer: occurs when t and b cells are made to recognize self
◍ antifreeze proteins.
Answer: - in solid water, each water molecule forms bonds with four other
molecules -the problem with water-- when begins to freeze many small
crystals form, but a few small crystals dominate and grow larger and larger ,
stealing water molecules from the surrounding small crystals and may
rupture the cell -antifreeze proteins counteract this recrystallization effect
-they bind to the surface of the small ice crystals and slow or prevent the
growth into larger dangerous crystals. -flat, hydrophilic face of the molecule
absorbs to surface of ice crystal - hydrophobic face repels liquid water
molecules, inhibiting further crystal growth. -this makes it
thermodynamically unfavorable for water molecules to add to the ice lattice
- mimicry of ice structure
◍ What type of bond is formed 2 nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?.
Answer: phospho-diester bond
◍ If goal were to create a synthetic protein that might function similar to a
mucin what structure might you design?.
Answer: A charged amino acid with ionic bonds to attract water and beta
, turns, which will act as transport for hydrophilic molecules.
◍ If a solution has a pH of 5, how many more or less H ions are present than in
a solution with pH 6?.
Answer: A solution with a pH of 5 has 10x more H ions that a solution with
a pH of 6. A pH of 5 means there is a concentration of 10-5 H ions present.
A pH of 6 means there is 10-6 H ions present.
◍ our cells create long polypeptides and then cleave them into smaller chains.
Why?.
Answer: It is more efficient; large protein has two polypeptides and are
already folded correctly before they are clipped.
◍ What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and fatty acids?.
Answer: Ester bond
◍ A group of macromolecules that have many different functions are.
Answer: proteins
◍ Positive Regulation.
Answer: anything that makes transcription more likely; up-regulation of a
gene.
◍ DNA structure.
Answer: phosphate and sugar lie on the outside , bases inward -purines= A
and G -pyrimidines= T and C
◍ phosphodiester bond.
Answer: -bond in the backbone of Dna links a phosphate and the sugar (one
bond to a 5' carbon and one to a 3' carbon) - the phosphodiester bonds link
successive nucleotide units - the backbone of alternating pentose and
phosphate groups in both types of nucleic acid is highly polar -covalent - the
breaking of two phosphates energizes phosphodiester bonds.
◍ Why not only use carbs?.
Answer: it takes a lt takes up more space to store glucose than lipids; lipids
are less oxidized so they contain more energy per carbon
, ◍ What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?.
Answer: Dehydration synthesis builds molecules and hydrolysis breaks them
down
◍ tertiary structure of protein.
Answer: Interaction of R groups of different amino acids, contortions in
shape, disulfide bridges
◍ What bonds are present in each of the four different levels of protein
structure?.
Answer: Primary-PeptideSecondary- HydrogenTertiary- Hydrogen,
Covalent, and IonicQuaternary-Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic
◍ Dickerson Dodecamer.
Answer: -5' to 3' over 3' to 5' - some bases in the dodecamer were twisted
slightly-- not a feature of the watson and crick model - the slight departure
from the perfect watson and crick model is due to sequence differences
◍ A polysaccharide composed of the same subunits, but linked together
differently so that most organisms cannot digest it is ________________ .
This is known as dietary fiber..
Answer: starch
◍ based on your current knowledge of bio, do you have any reservations with
the following statement: the only info important to heredity is found in the
DNA sequence..
Answer: histones are proteins and DNA wraps around it. The tightness of
the wrap affects gene expression.
◍ Cell Cycle.
Answer: an effective cell cycle control system should have the following: - a
timer, that turns on each event at a specific time, this providing a fixed
amount of time for the completion of each event -a mechanism for initiating
events in the correct order; entry into mitosis -robustness: back up
mechanisms - adaptability -a mechanism to ensure that each event is
triggered only once per cycle -binary (on/off) switches that trigger events in
