CISSN CERTIFICATION BUNDLE ACTUAL
EXAMINATION COMPILATION 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECTLY WELL-DEFINED DETAILED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood
glucose. Answer: - a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water
soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or
maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic
affects to remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
⩥Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively
affecting muscle function?. Answer: Vitamin D
⩥What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of
gluconeogenic precursors?. Answer: Gluconeogenesis relies upon
lactate, pyruvate, glycerol (a catabolic product of triglycerols) and
certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
⩥What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II
Diabetes?. Answer: Results suggest that moderate consumption of both
caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in
,younger and middle-aged women. Coffee constituents other than
caffeine may affect the development of type II diabetes
⩥What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage?.
Answer: - The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein
isolate supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and
isokinetic muscle forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle
injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially
hydrolyzed (pre-digested) form improves strength recovery rates,
possibly due to an increase in the rate of repair processes and/or a
reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in particular,
eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
⩥When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running?. Answer: fat
(oxidation)
⩥How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body
fat?. Answer: approximately 7000
⩥What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation
and performance?. Answer: decrease thermoregulation and performance
⩥What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on
time-to-exhaustion and dehydration stress?. Answer: Results
,demonstrate that AG supplementation provided a significant ergogenic
benefit by increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress.
This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and
electrolyte uptake
⩥What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical
activity?. Answer: Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased
performance, overreaching/overtraining
⩥Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully
acclimate to exercising in the heat?. Answer: Complete acclimation
takes up to 14 days
⩥What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a
period of 4 weeks?. Answer: - Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is
an end product of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle
and connective tissue. According to the clinical and experimental
studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic substance. The
present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body
composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical
performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small
increases in muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer
athletes
⩥What is a BOD-POD?. Answer: a body composition recording device
that uses air displacement plethysmography
, ⩥Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what
conditions does one fuel source predominate over the other?. Answer: -
Fat oxidation primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity
exercise
⩥What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise
performance?. Answer: -betaine supplementation may positively affect
exercise performance through favorable lactate and preferential fatty
acid substrate metabolism
- has been down to increase power, force, and maintenance
⩥Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal
muscle?. Answer: - increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
-greater increase in Type II muscle fibers
-shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
⩥Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle?.
Answer: -increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of
mitochondria, increase in enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in
oxidative metabolism
---------succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (krebs cycle
tricarboxylic acid cycle)
EXAMINATION COMPILATION 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECTLY WELL-DEFINED DETAILED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood
glucose. Answer: - a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water
soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or
maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic
affects to remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
⩥Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively
affecting muscle function?. Answer: Vitamin D
⩥What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of
gluconeogenic precursors?. Answer: Gluconeogenesis relies upon
lactate, pyruvate, glycerol (a catabolic product of triglycerols) and
certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
⩥What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II
Diabetes?. Answer: Results suggest that moderate consumption of both
caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in
,younger and middle-aged women. Coffee constituents other than
caffeine may affect the development of type II diabetes
⩥What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage?.
Answer: - The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein
isolate supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and
isokinetic muscle forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle
injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially
hydrolyzed (pre-digested) form improves strength recovery rates,
possibly due to an increase in the rate of repair processes and/or a
reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in particular,
eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
⩥When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running?. Answer: fat
(oxidation)
⩥How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body
fat?. Answer: approximately 7000
⩥What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation
and performance?. Answer: decrease thermoregulation and performance
⩥What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on
time-to-exhaustion and dehydration stress?. Answer: Results
,demonstrate that AG supplementation provided a significant ergogenic
benefit by increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress.
This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and
electrolyte uptake
⩥What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical
activity?. Answer: Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased
performance, overreaching/overtraining
⩥Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully
acclimate to exercising in the heat?. Answer: Complete acclimation
takes up to 14 days
⩥What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a
period of 4 weeks?. Answer: - Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is
an end product of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle
and connective tissue. According to the clinical and experimental
studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic substance. The
present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body
composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical
performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small
increases in muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer
athletes
⩥What is a BOD-POD?. Answer: a body composition recording device
that uses air displacement plethysmography
, ⩥Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what
conditions does one fuel source predominate over the other?. Answer: -
Fat oxidation primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity
exercise
⩥What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise
performance?. Answer: -betaine supplementation may positively affect
exercise performance through favorable lactate and preferential fatty
acid substrate metabolism
- has been down to increase power, force, and maintenance
⩥Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal
muscle?. Answer: - increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
-greater increase in Type II muscle fibers
-shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
⩥Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle?.
Answer: -increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of
mitochondria, increase in enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in
oxidative metabolism
---------succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (krebs cycle
tricarboxylic acid cycle)
