PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BSN 346
(CHAPTER 1-23) EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
What is anaplasia? - ANS Loss of cell differentiation and tissue organization
*Chapter 1* - ANS *Chapter 1*
What is the definition of pathophysiology? - ANS (ology) the study of
(pathophysi) abnormalities in physiologic functioning due to disease or injury
What is etiology? - ANS The study of the causal factors that provoke a particular disease or
injury
Define pathogenesis? - ANS A description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter
physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in
a particular disorder or disease
What are the objective and subjective clinical manifestations of a disease? - ANS Objective
manifestations: signs found through physical exam or diagnostic tests
Subjective manifestations: symptoms described by the patient
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
,What are the 4 stages of an illness and what do they signify? - ANS 1) Latent- the period of
incubation before a disease manifests
2) Prodromal- the first signs of disease appear, often non-specific such as body aches/fever
3) Acute- period with greatest severity of s/s
4) Convalescence- recovery
What is a sequela? - ANS a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury
What is validity? - ANS the degree to which a test measures what it says it measures. the
peabody test said it measured intelligence. however, it only tests receptive vocabulary, so that's
not valid.
What is accuracy? - ANS a measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true
value of whatever is measured
What is precision? - ANS a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one
another
What is a positive predictive value? - ANS probability that a pt w/ a positive test truly has the
disease. The more specific a test, the higher its PPV
prevalence dependent: the higher the disease prevalence, the higher the PPV of the test for
that disease
What is negative predictive value? - ANS probability that a pt w/ a neg test truly does not
have the disease. The more sensitive a test, the higher its NPV.
Prevalence dependent: the lower the disease prevalence, the higher the NPV of the test for that
disease
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
, What is sensitivity in a test? - ANS -its ability to detect people who do have the disease
= the percentage of the people with a disease that is correctly detected or classified
What is specificity of a test? - ANS - its ability to detect people who do not have the disease
= the percentage of the disease-free people who are correctly classified or detected
What are 4 examples of characteristics that effect the normalcy in tests? - ANS Cultural
(defines abnormal behavior)
Age Differences (decrease skin turgor)
Gender Differences (men ^RBCs)
Situational Differences (high altitude ^RBCs)
Time variations (time of day)
What is epidemiology? - ANS study of the patterns of diseases
the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of
diseases and other factors relating to health.
What is an endemic, epidemic, and pandemic disease? - ANS Endemic: disease native to local
region
Epidemic: disease disseminated to many individuals at the same time
Pandemic: epidemic that affects large geographic region
There are 5 principal factors affecting patterns of disease in human populations. What are these
5 factors? - ANS 1) age
2) ethnic group
3) gender
4) socioeconomic factors & lifestyle considerations
5) geographic location
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
(CHAPTER 1-23) EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
What is anaplasia? - ANS Loss of cell differentiation and tissue organization
*Chapter 1* - ANS *Chapter 1*
What is the definition of pathophysiology? - ANS (ology) the study of
(pathophysi) abnormalities in physiologic functioning due to disease or injury
What is etiology? - ANS The study of the causal factors that provoke a particular disease or
injury
Define pathogenesis? - ANS A description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter
physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in
a particular disorder or disease
What are the objective and subjective clinical manifestations of a disease? - ANS Objective
manifestations: signs found through physical exam or diagnostic tests
Subjective manifestations: symptoms described by the patient
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
,What are the 4 stages of an illness and what do they signify? - ANS 1) Latent- the period of
incubation before a disease manifests
2) Prodromal- the first signs of disease appear, often non-specific such as body aches/fever
3) Acute- period with greatest severity of s/s
4) Convalescence- recovery
What is a sequela? - ANS a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury
What is validity? - ANS the degree to which a test measures what it says it measures. the
peabody test said it measured intelligence. however, it only tests receptive vocabulary, so that's
not valid.
What is accuracy? - ANS a measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true
value of whatever is measured
What is precision? - ANS a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one
another
What is a positive predictive value? - ANS probability that a pt w/ a positive test truly has the
disease. The more specific a test, the higher its PPV
prevalence dependent: the higher the disease prevalence, the higher the PPV of the test for
that disease
What is negative predictive value? - ANS probability that a pt w/ a neg test truly does not
have the disease. The more sensitive a test, the higher its NPV.
Prevalence dependent: the lower the disease prevalence, the higher the NPV of the test for that
disease
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
, What is sensitivity in a test? - ANS -its ability to detect people who do have the disease
= the percentage of the people with a disease that is correctly detected or classified
What is specificity of a test? - ANS - its ability to detect people who do not have the disease
= the percentage of the disease-free people who are correctly classified or detected
What are 4 examples of characteristics that effect the normalcy in tests? - ANS Cultural
(defines abnormal behavior)
Age Differences (decrease skin turgor)
Gender Differences (men ^RBCs)
Situational Differences (high altitude ^RBCs)
Time variations (time of day)
What is epidemiology? - ANS study of the patterns of diseases
the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of
diseases and other factors relating to health.
What is an endemic, epidemic, and pandemic disease? - ANS Endemic: disease native to local
region
Epidemic: disease disseminated to many individuals at the same time
Pandemic: epidemic that affects large geographic region
There are 5 principal factors affecting patterns of disease in human populations. What are these
5 factors? - ANS 1) age
2) ethnic group
3) gender
4) socioeconomic factors & lifestyle considerations
5) geographic location
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
