BIO 255 MIDTERM SET EXAM 1 BRAND NEW 2026

BIO 255 MIDTERM SET EXAM 1 BRAND NEW 2026 Buffy coat What is the name of the RBC layer that is formed after blood is centrifuged? a. Buffy coat b. Plasma c. Hematocrit d. Rubro layer d. O- Which blood type is considered the universal donor? a. AB+ b. AB- c. O+ d. O- a. Neutrophils b. Basophils d. Eosinophils Which of the following WBC types is considered granular? (Select all that apply) a. Neutrophils b. Basophils c. Monocytes d. Eosinophils e. Lymphocytes a. Diapedesis BIO 255 BIO 255 When a phagocytic WBC arrives at the site of an infection, it will leave the blood vessel bysqueezing between the cells that make up the blood vessel wall. This process is known as what? a. Diapedesis b. Agglutination c. Hemolysis d. Polycythemia b. Platelet plug formation What is the second step in blood clot formation? a. Lysis of the fibrin mesh b. Platelet plug formation c. Vascular spasm d. Coagulation b. Tissue factor Which of the following clotting factors does NOT come from the liver as it's source? a. Fibrinogen b. Tissue factor c. Serum prothrombin conversion activator d. Thrombokinase a. B- e. O+ Which of the following blood types would be compatible donors for someone who has B+ bloodtype? (Select all that apply) a. B- b. A+ c. AB+ BIO 255 BIO 255 d. AB- e. O+ d. EPO What hormone is necessary for the formation of new RBCs in the bone marrow? a. Bilirubin b. Hematopoiesis c. Hemoglobin d. EPO b. Vitamin K Which vitamin is used as a pre-cursor to 4 of the clotting factors? a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin K c. Vitamin A d. Vitamin C b. Sickle-cell anemia What disease creates a RBC with a C shape instead of the normal biconcave disc shape? a. Polycythemia vera b. Sickle-cell anemia c. Erythroblastosis fetalis d. Hemolytic disease Transportation, Regulation, and Protection What are the three major functions of the blood? Plasma, Buffy Coat, and Hematocrit (erythrocytes) What are the different parts of centrifuged blood? Makes up 55% of the blood, it is made up of water, dissolved gases, nutrients, proteins, and waste products What is the plasma? BIO 255 BIO 255 Makes up 1% of the blood and it is made up of WBCs and platelets What is the buffy coat? Makes up 45% of blood, and they are the RBCs What is hematocrit (erythrocytes)? They lack a nucleus, have a biconcave disc shape, have bags of hemoglobin , and they carry O2 and some CO2 What are RBCs? They are formed in the red bone marrow Where are RBCs formed? They are made by erythropoietin (EPO), amino acids, iron and vitamin B12 How are RBCs made? Bilirubin Biliverdin stercobilin urobilinogen transferrin What are the steps to hemoglobin recycling? Polycythemia, anemia, sickle cell disease What are some common RBC disorders? Too many RBCs in the body What is polycythemia? Too little RBCs in the body What is anemia? When the RBCs become hard and misshapen, resemble a C shape What is sickle cell disease? This makes the blood type positive What happens when there is a reaction with the Rh blood type? Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils Never Let My Engine Blow Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils Granulocytes = the -PHILS Lymphocytes and Monocytes Agranulocytes = the -CYTES Granulocytes and Agranulocytes What are the two categories of leukocytes? BIO 255 BIO 255 Make up 60%, microphages (phagocytic) and bacterial infections Neutrophil Makes up 30%, T and B cells, mount immune response, cancel cells, viruses Lymphocyte Makes up 8%, macrophages, phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells Monocyte Makes up 3%, parasitic worms, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals Eosinophil Makes up 1%, allergic reactions, secrete histamine, secrete heparin Basophil Create B-cell lymphocytes, T-cell lymphocytes, and natural killer cells Lymphoid Stem Cells Create RBCs, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Myeloid Stem Cells Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation What are the three steps to hemostasis (blood clotting) ? Extrinsic pathway, intrinsic pathway, and the common pathway What are the three different pathways of hemostasis? Prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrin What does the common pathway consist of? Hemophilia, thrombosis, embolus, and hematoma What are some common clotting disorders? In front of the chest, slightly to the left in front of the sternum Where is the location of the heart? The outer layer of the heart What is the parietal pericardium? The layer of the heart that is closest to the heart What is the visceral pericardium? BIO 255 BIO 255 Epicardium (the outside of the heart), myocardium (the muscle layer), and the Endocardium (innermost layer of the heart) What are the layers of the heart? The ventricle What is the largest cavity of the heart? Tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonic, and aortic valves What are the different valves of the heart? Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle Tricuspid valve Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle Bicuspid Valve Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk Pulmonary valve Located between the left ventricle and the aorta Aortic valve Superior & inferior vena cava & coronary sinus - right atrium- tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary semilunar valve- pulmonary trunk - right and left pulmonary arteries - lungs - right and left pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta How does blood flow through the heart? SA node - AV node (bundle) - Bundle Branches - Purkinje Fibers What is the order of the electrical conduction system of the heart? Atrial depolarization What is happening during the P wave? Hypoxia to the kidneys What triggers the release of the EPO? Ventricular filling What happens during the PQ interval? Ventricular depolarization What is happening during the QRS complex? Ventricular emptying BIO 255 BIO 255 What is happening during the ST segment? Ventricular repolarization What is happening during the T wave? AV valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed What is happening during atrial systole/ventricular diastole? AV valves are closed and semilunar valves are open What is happening during atrial diastole/ventricular systole? BIO 255