2026 Exam Questions and
Answers | 100% Solved
What is the most common cause of cervical myelopathy in older adults? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔spondylosis
What are the manifestations of spondylosis? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔progressive
gait instability and weakness in the extremities.
exam shows lower motor neuron signs at the level of the lesions and upper
neuron signs below the level of the lesions
,upper motor neuron signs - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. hyperreflexia (without regular
stimulation of lower motor neurons by UMNs, they become hypersensitive)
2. clonus (rhythmic contractions of an antagonist muscle)
3. hypertonia
4. extensor plantar response (toes extend up and away from a stimulation
of the foot instead of coming down and towards the stimulation like normal)
lower motor neuron signs - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. atrophy of skeletal muscles
2. fasciculations (involuntary twitches)
3. hypotonia
4. hyporeflexia
what level does the esophageal hiatus allow for the esophagus to pass
through the right crus of the diaphragm - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔T10
what level does the aorta pass through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?
- 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔T12
adjusted odds ratio - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔an estimate of the odds ratio that
mathematically removes the effects of one or more measured confounding
variables; also called the exponentiated logistic regression coefficient.
,where does compression occur in thoracic outlet syndrome? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔clavicle and 1st rib
partial ovarian torsion how can it be tricky? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔doppler US
may show normal ovarian arterial and venous blood flow
if pt meats the clinical dx picture due to the emergent need for intervention
a diagnostic laparoscopy should be performed
pt with abdominal bloating and multiple watery stools with normal lab
values what should be performed next to investigate the cause? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔carb breath testing to investigate for small intestinal bacterial
overgrowth
increased risk in pt with motility disorders or following a ileocecal resection
tardive dyskinesia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔involuntary movements of the facial
muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term
use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
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, orofacial: tongue protrusion, lip smacking, grimacing
limb dyskinesia: dystonic postures, foot tapping, chorea
trunk dyskinesia: rocking, thrusting, shoulder shrugging
mgmt: d/c med if feasible, switch to 2nd gen antipsychotic, treat with
valbenazine or deutetrabenazine
Perianal streptococcal dermatitis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔seen in infants through
school-aged children
on exam you will see bright, sharply demarcated erythema of
perianal/perineal area, pt can complain or pruritus and pain
treatment is oral abx - amoxicillin
what causes low blood pressure in septic shock? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔reduced
vascular tone