PATHO AND PHARM II - EXAM 1 FLASHCARDS| TOP
SCORES MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
Heart Failure Answer: A condition where the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to
maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
Types of Heart Failure Answer: Systolic (reduced EF) vs. Diastolic (preserved EF),
Right vs. Left-sided, High vs. Low Output.
Right-sided Heart Failure Answer: Caused by pulmonary hypertension, affecting the
rest of the body with symptoms such as JVD, edema in lower extremities,
hepatomegaly, and weight gain.
Left-sided Heart Failure Answer: Caused by myocardial infarction, coronary artery
disease, or hypertension, affecting the left lung with symptoms including fluid, crackles,
shortness of breath, and cough.
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure Answer: Include Frank-Starling
mechanism (↑ preload to ↑ CO), SNS activation (↑ HR, contractility, vasoconstriction),
RAAS activation (↑ preload & afterload), and myocardial hypertrophy & remodeling.
Clinical Manifestations of Heart Failure Answer: Dyspnea, fatigue, pulmonary
congestion (LHF), peripheral edema (RHF), arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death.
Diagnostics for Heart Failure Answer: Includes BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide), BMP,
liver function tests, cardiac enzymes, TSH, daily weights, chest X-ray, ECG,
echocardiogram, and stress tests.
Valvular Heart Disease Answer: Caused by genetics, myocardial infarction,
inflammation, or endocarditis.
Mitral Valve Disorders Answer: Conditions where the valve leaf bulges back, which can
cause regurgitation.
Types of Mitral Valve Disorders Answer: Mitral valve prolapse, regurgitation, and
stenosis.
Aortic Valve Disorders Answer: Conditions where backflow of blood occurs due to
incomplete closure.
Types of Aortic Valve Disorders Answer: Aortic valve regurgitation and aortic valve
stenosis.
1
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, Repolarization Answer: The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle where K+ leaves the
cell, returning to a negative state; represented by the T wave on ECG.
Depolarization Answer: The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle characterized by
Na+ influx, leading to cell contraction and a negative state; represented by the P wave
and QRS complex on ECG.
Preload Answer: The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (EDV),
where increased preload leads to increased stretch of myocardial fibers.
Afterload Answer: The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during
systole, where increased afterload leads to increased myocardial workload.
Contractility Answer: The strength of heart muscle contraction, independent of preload
and afterload, which increases with sympathetic stimulation and decreases with heart
failure.
Infective Endocarditis Answer: An infection of the endocardium leading to friable, bulky
vegetations on valves, commonly caused by Staphylococcus, streptococci, or
enterococci.
Risk Factors for Infective Endocarditis Answer: Pre-existing valve disease, prosthetic
valves, IV drug use, immunosuppression, dental procedures, and catheters.
Manifestations of Infective Endocarditis Answer: Fever, new murmur, and embolic
phenomena.
Acute Pericarditis Answer: Inflammation of the pericardium characterized by chest
pain, pericardial friction rub, and ECG changes.
Causes of Acute Pericarditis Answer: Infectious (viral/bacterial), autoimmune, uremia,
and post-cardiac surgery.
Types of Blood Clots Answer: Arterial thrombus causes acute arterial occlusion, while
venous thrombus (DVT) leads to pain, edema, and risk of embolization.
Pulmonary Embolism Answer: A blockage in the pulmonary artery caused by an
embolus, leading to V/Q mismatch and hypoxemia.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Answer: A thrombus with inflammation of the vein wall,
with risk factors including venous stasis, vessel injury, and hypercoagulability.
Varicose Veins Answer: Dilated superficial veins caused by valve incompetence,
leading to pooling.
Coronary Artery Disease Answer: Atherosclerotic plaque formation ↓ coronary blood
flow → angina (chest pain), MI, arrhythmias, HF conduction defects.
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
SCORES MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
Heart Failure Answer: A condition where the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to
maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
Types of Heart Failure Answer: Systolic (reduced EF) vs. Diastolic (preserved EF),
Right vs. Left-sided, High vs. Low Output.
Right-sided Heart Failure Answer: Caused by pulmonary hypertension, affecting the
rest of the body with symptoms such as JVD, edema in lower extremities,
hepatomegaly, and weight gain.
Left-sided Heart Failure Answer: Caused by myocardial infarction, coronary artery
disease, or hypertension, affecting the left lung with symptoms including fluid, crackles,
shortness of breath, and cough.
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure Answer: Include Frank-Starling
mechanism (↑ preload to ↑ CO), SNS activation (↑ HR, contractility, vasoconstriction),
RAAS activation (↑ preload & afterload), and myocardial hypertrophy & remodeling.
Clinical Manifestations of Heart Failure Answer: Dyspnea, fatigue, pulmonary
congestion (LHF), peripheral edema (RHF), arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death.
Diagnostics for Heart Failure Answer: Includes BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide), BMP,
liver function tests, cardiac enzymes, TSH, daily weights, chest X-ray, ECG,
echocardiogram, and stress tests.
Valvular Heart Disease Answer: Caused by genetics, myocardial infarction,
inflammation, or endocarditis.
Mitral Valve Disorders Answer: Conditions where the valve leaf bulges back, which can
cause regurgitation.
Types of Mitral Valve Disorders Answer: Mitral valve prolapse, regurgitation, and
stenosis.
Aortic Valve Disorders Answer: Conditions where backflow of blood occurs due to
incomplete closure.
Types of Aortic Valve Disorders Answer: Aortic valve regurgitation and aortic valve
stenosis.
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Repolarization Answer: The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle where K+ leaves the
cell, returning to a negative state; represented by the T wave on ECG.
Depolarization Answer: The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle characterized by
Na+ influx, leading to cell contraction and a negative state; represented by the P wave
and QRS complex on ECG.
Preload Answer: The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (EDV),
where increased preload leads to increased stretch of myocardial fibers.
Afterload Answer: The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during
systole, where increased afterload leads to increased myocardial workload.
Contractility Answer: The strength of heart muscle contraction, independent of preload
and afterload, which increases with sympathetic stimulation and decreases with heart
failure.
Infective Endocarditis Answer: An infection of the endocardium leading to friable, bulky
vegetations on valves, commonly caused by Staphylococcus, streptococci, or
enterococci.
Risk Factors for Infective Endocarditis Answer: Pre-existing valve disease, prosthetic
valves, IV drug use, immunosuppression, dental procedures, and catheters.
Manifestations of Infective Endocarditis Answer: Fever, new murmur, and embolic
phenomena.
Acute Pericarditis Answer: Inflammation of the pericardium characterized by chest
pain, pericardial friction rub, and ECG changes.
Causes of Acute Pericarditis Answer: Infectious (viral/bacterial), autoimmune, uremia,
and post-cardiac surgery.
Types of Blood Clots Answer: Arterial thrombus causes acute arterial occlusion, while
venous thrombus (DVT) leads to pain, edema, and risk of embolization.
Pulmonary Embolism Answer: A blockage in the pulmonary artery caused by an
embolus, leading to V/Q mismatch and hypoxemia.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Answer: A thrombus with inflammation of the vein wall,
with risk factors including venous stasis, vessel injury, and hypercoagulability.
Varicose Veins Answer: Dilated superficial veins caused by valve incompetence,
leading to pooling.
Coronary Artery Disease Answer: Atherosclerotic plaque formation ↓ coronary blood
flow → angina (chest pain), MI, arrhythmias, HF conduction defects.
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
