PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY EXAM
REVIEW| TOP SCORES MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST
SOLUTIONS!
Health Definition Answer: Defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as
physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
Healthy People 2020/2030 Goals Answer: Prevent diseases & injuries, Reduce health
disparities, Promote healthy behaviors across all ages.
Acute Disease Answer: Sudden onset, short-term (e.g., flu).
Chronic Disease Answer: Long-term, ongoing (e.g., diabetes).
Exacerbation Answer: Worsening of symptoms.
Remission Answer: Symptoms improve or disappear temporarily.
Epidemiology Answer: Study of Diseases in Populations.
Incidence Answer: Number of new cases in a population.
Prevalence Answer: Total number of existing cases.
Morbidity Answer: Disease impact on quality of life.
Mortality Answer: Number of deaths caused by a disease.
Genetic Disorders Causes Answer: Mutations → Permanent changes in DNA;
Chromosomal Abnormalities → Extra, missing, or damaged chromosomes.
Marfan Syndrome Answer: Affects connective tissue → long limbs, heart problems.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Answer: Metabolic disorder → brain damage if untreated.
Hemophilia Answer: More common in males, affects blood clotting.
Down Syndrome Answer: Extra chromosome 21 → developmental delays.
Turner Syndrome Answer: Missing an X chromosome; short height, infertility.
Klinefelter Syndrome Answer: Extra X chromosome in males; affects testosterone
levels.
Marfan Syndrome Diagnosis Answer: Clinical Evaluation, Family History, Genetic
Testing, Echocardiogram, Ophthalmologic Exam, Imaging Tests.
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Down Syndrome Diagnosis Answer: Prenatal Screening, Prenatal Diagnosis, Postnatal
Diagnosis.
Turner Syndrome Diagnosis Answer: Physical Exam: Observation of physical features
like short stature, webbed neck, and low-set ears.
Genetic Testing Answer: Karyotype test to confirm the absence of one X chromosome
(45,X).
Echocardiogram Answer: To check for heart defects, which are common in Turner
syndrome.
Ultrasound Answer: May be used to check for kidney abnormalities.
Stress Answer: The body's response to any demand or threat.
Types of Stressors Answer: Physical → Injury, illness; Psychological → Work,
relationships; Environmental → Noise, pollution.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Answer: 3 Stages: Alarm Stage → 'Fight or Flight'
(HR, BP, glucose ⬆); Resistance Stage → Body tries to adapt; Exhaustion Stage → If
stress continues, leads to burnout or disease.
Cortisol & Adrenaline Answer: Released during stress → increases HR, blood sugar, &
blood pressure.
Effects of Chronic Stress Answer: Increases risk of: High blood pressure, Diabetes,
Heart disease, Anxiety & depression.
Healthy Coping Answer: Exercise, relaxation, time management.
Unhealthy Coping Answer: Smoking, overeating, drug use.
Neoplasia Answer: New, uncontrolled cell growth.
Tumor Answer: Abnormal mass of tissue.
Cancer Answer: Malignant neoplasm (can spread).
Angiogenesis Answer: Tumor forms new blood vessels.
Metastasis Answer: Cancer spreads to distant organs.
Benign Tumor Answer: Growth is slow, doesn't spread, well-defined, usually harmless.
Malignant Tumor Answer: Growth is rapid, invades tissues (metastasis), irregular
shape, life-threatening.
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
REVIEW| TOP SCORES MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST
SOLUTIONS!
Health Definition Answer: Defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as
physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
Healthy People 2020/2030 Goals Answer: Prevent diseases & injuries, Reduce health
disparities, Promote healthy behaviors across all ages.
Acute Disease Answer: Sudden onset, short-term (e.g., flu).
Chronic Disease Answer: Long-term, ongoing (e.g., diabetes).
Exacerbation Answer: Worsening of symptoms.
Remission Answer: Symptoms improve or disappear temporarily.
Epidemiology Answer: Study of Diseases in Populations.
Incidence Answer: Number of new cases in a population.
Prevalence Answer: Total number of existing cases.
Morbidity Answer: Disease impact on quality of life.
Mortality Answer: Number of deaths caused by a disease.
Genetic Disorders Causes Answer: Mutations → Permanent changes in DNA;
Chromosomal Abnormalities → Extra, missing, or damaged chromosomes.
Marfan Syndrome Answer: Affects connective tissue → long limbs, heart problems.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Answer: Metabolic disorder → brain damage if untreated.
Hemophilia Answer: More common in males, affects blood clotting.
Down Syndrome Answer: Extra chromosome 21 → developmental delays.
Turner Syndrome Answer: Missing an X chromosome; short height, infertility.
Klinefelter Syndrome Answer: Extra X chromosome in males; affects testosterone
levels.
Marfan Syndrome Diagnosis Answer: Clinical Evaluation, Family History, Genetic
Testing, Echocardiogram, Ophthalmologic Exam, Imaging Tests.
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Down Syndrome Diagnosis Answer: Prenatal Screening, Prenatal Diagnosis, Postnatal
Diagnosis.
Turner Syndrome Diagnosis Answer: Physical Exam: Observation of physical features
like short stature, webbed neck, and low-set ears.
Genetic Testing Answer: Karyotype test to confirm the absence of one X chromosome
(45,X).
Echocardiogram Answer: To check for heart defects, which are common in Turner
syndrome.
Ultrasound Answer: May be used to check for kidney abnormalities.
Stress Answer: The body's response to any demand or threat.
Types of Stressors Answer: Physical → Injury, illness; Psychological → Work,
relationships; Environmental → Noise, pollution.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Answer: 3 Stages: Alarm Stage → 'Fight or Flight'
(HR, BP, glucose ⬆); Resistance Stage → Body tries to adapt; Exhaustion Stage → If
stress continues, leads to burnout or disease.
Cortisol & Adrenaline Answer: Released during stress → increases HR, blood sugar, &
blood pressure.
Effects of Chronic Stress Answer: Increases risk of: High blood pressure, Diabetes,
Heart disease, Anxiety & depression.
Healthy Coping Answer: Exercise, relaxation, time management.
Unhealthy Coping Answer: Smoking, overeating, drug use.
Neoplasia Answer: New, uncontrolled cell growth.
Tumor Answer: Abnormal mass of tissue.
Cancer Answer: Malignant neoplasm (can spread).
Angiogenesis Answer: Tumor forms new blood vessels.
Metastasis Answer: Cancer spreads to distant organs.
Benign Tumor Answer: Growth is slow, doesn't spread, well-defined, usually harmless.
Malignant Tumor Answer: Growth is rapid, invades tissues (metastasis), irregular
shape, life-threatening.
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
