2026-2027 Actual Complete Real Exam Questions
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What is the main diagnostic criteria that differentiates pyelo
from cystitis? - ANSWER -Presence of WBC casts
How is the definitive diagnosis of pyelo determined? - ANSWER
-Identify persistent pyuria & positive urine cultures
When should patient be reassessed following intiation of
treatment for pyelo? - ANSWER --48 hrs after antibiotic
intiiation to evaluate responsiveness to therapy & consider
discharge in hospital setting
When should you reculture with recurrent pyelo? - ANSWER -
Reculture @ 2, 6, and 12 weeks after antibiotc therapy is
initiated.
Recommended referral plan for chronic pyelo? - ANSWER -
Refer to nephrologist
What is the potential pathogenesis to consider with hematuria?
- ANSWER -Prerenal, renal, post renal, false, or benign
,What is the clinical findings and examination considerations
with hematuria? - ANSWER --color of the urine
-concurrent symptoms (fever, N/V, frequency, dysuria
-Medications-NSAIDS, blood thinners?
-Potential trauma
-Prostate problems?
Potential differential diagnosis for hematuria - ANSWER --
UTI/pyelonephritis
-Cancers
-BPH
Physical examination for hematuria - ANSWER --Abdominal
exam (tenderness, masses, CVA tenderness, pelvic/prostate
exam
Common causes of CVA tenderness? - ANSWER -
Pyelonephritis or kidney stone
Why do you perform a pelvic exam in women with hematuria? -
ANSWER -Check for vaginal or uterine bleeding
Diagnostic testing for hematuria - ANSWER -UA/C&S
ANA, CMP, CBC
IVP/cystoscopy
Which population commonly has idopathic hematuria and why?
- ANSWER -Geriatric-comes and goes due to bladder atrophy
,What is the recommended management and follow up for
hematuria? - ANSWER --Antibiotic therapy if bacterial infection
present
-Urology or nephrology referral
What are the potential adverse outcomes of urinary
incontinence? - ANSWER --social isolation
-depression
-skin problems
-UTIs
-Falls
Assessment questions for urinary incontinence. - ANSWER --
Have you had an accident?
-Do you check out the location of the bathroom wherever you
go?
-How often do you experience leakage of urine?
-How much do you lose each time?
Risk factors for incontinence (DIAPPERS) - ANSWER --Delerium
& dementia
-Infections
-Atrophic vaginitis
-Psychological: depression
-Pharmacological-diuretics, nicotine, caffeine
-Endocrine-DM, Hypercalcemia, hyperthyroid
-Restricted mobility
-Stool in rectal vault
, Which population is most affected by atrophic vaginitis
associated with urinary incontinence? - ANSWER -
Postmenopausal women
Incontinence associated with urethral blockage causing bladder
to be unable to empty properly. Caused by overdistended
bladder and inability to feel voiding sensation. - ANSWER -
Overflow
Incontinence associated with a relaxed pelvic floor causing
increased abdominal pressure. Urethral sphincter muscle is
weak; weak pelvic floor muscles; brought on by coughing,
sneezing, straining. Sagging and weakness of the bladder neck
present. - ANSWER -Stress
Incontinence associated with bladder oversensitivity from
infection; common with neurologic disorders. Detrusor
instability. Involuntary leakage due to inability to delay voiding.
Sensation of full bladder & unable to hold. - ANSWER -Urge
Type of urinary incontinence - ANSWER -Urge, stress, mixed, or
overflow
Assessment for urinary incontinence - ANSWER --Complete
H&P with pelvic exam
-Voiding diary
-UA/C&S
-urodynamics: Q-tip test & cystomyetrogram (CMG)