ITLS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 2026
Normal adult heart rate - ANS 60-100 beats per minute
normal adult respiratory rate - ANS 12-20 breaths per minute
Normal adult blood pressure - ANS 120/80 mmHg
flail chest - ANS A condition in which two or more ribs are fractured in two or more places or
in association with a fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively
detached from the rest of the thoracic cage.
Signs and symptoms of flail chest - ANS Paradoxical movement of the chest, decreased lung
volumes, decreased lung compliance, pain to fracture site
open pneumothorax (sucking chest wound) - ANS Accumulation of air in pleural space
resulting in a partial collapsed lung. The persistent open wound equalizes in thoracic pressure
with atmospheric pressure resulting in a collapsed lung
Signs and symptoms of an open pneumothorax - ANS Sucking chest wound
Sudden chest pain
Dyspena
Rapid/shallow breathing
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Rapid heart rate
Hypoxia
Massive hemothorax - ANS Collection of blood >1000 mL in the pleural space, requires a
chest drain to treat
Signs and symptoms of massive hemothorax - ANS Hypovolaemia
Respiratory compromise
Hypotension
Cool and clammy
Diaphoretic, pale
Dull sounds
Absent or partial breaths on affected side
tension pneumothorax - ANS a type of pneumothorax in which air that enters the chest
cavity is prevented from escaping creating an increase in thoracic pressure
signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax - ANS dyspnea, rapid/weak pulse,
rapid/shallow breaths,
decreased lung compliance,
unilateral decreased/absent breath sounds,
decreased blood pressure,
jugular vein dissension,
subcutaneous emphysema,
cyanosis,
tracheal deviation to affected side
cardiac tamponade - ANS acute compression of the heart caused by rapid fluid accumulation
in the pericardial cavity
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
GRADED A+ 2026
Normal adult heart rate - ANS 60-100 beats per minute
normal adult respiratory rate - ANS 12-20 breaths per minute
Normal adult blood pressure - ANS 120/80 mmHg
flail chest - ANS A condition in which two or more ribs are fractured in two or more places or
in association with a fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively
detached from the rest of the thoracic cage.
Signs and symptoms of flail chest - ANS Paradoxical movement of the chest, decreased lung
volumes, decreased lung compliance, pain to fracture site
open pneumothorax (sucking chest wound) - ANS Accumulation of air in pleural space
resulting in a partial collapsed lung. The persistent open wound equalizes in thoracic pressure
with atmospheric pressure resulting in a collapsed lung
Signs and symptoms of an open pneumothorax - ANS Sucking chest wound
Sudden chest pain
Dyspena
Rapid/shallow breathing
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Rapid heart rate
Hypoxia
Massive hemothorax - ANS Collection of blood >1000 mL in the pleural space, requires a
chest drain to treat
Signs and symptoms of massive hemothorax - ANS Hypovolaemia
Respiratory compromise
Hypotension
Cool and clammy
Diaphoretic, pale
Dull sounds
Absent or partial breaths on affected side
tension pneumothorax - ANS a type of pneumothorax in which air that enters the chest
cavity is prevented from escaping creating an increase in thoracic pressure
signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax - ANS dyspnea, rapid/weak pulse,
rapid/shallow breaths,
decreased lung compliance,
unilateral decreased/absent breath sounds,
decreased blood pressure,
jugular vein dissension,
subcutaneous emphysema,
cyanosis,
tracheal deviation to affected side
cardiac tamponade - ANS acute compression of the heart caused by rapid fluid accumulation
in the pericardial cavity
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
