NU 180 FINAL REVIEW QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

NU 180 FINAL REVIEW QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Cavity Nasal - Answers The space within the nose. Sinuses - Answers Air-filled cavities in the skull connected to the nasal cavity (frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoidal). Pharynx - Answers Part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and larynx. Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. Larynx - Answers The voice box, containing the vocal cords. Deviated Septum - Answers The nasal septum (wall dividing nasal cavity) is off-center. Nasal Fracture - Answers Facial trauma. Risks of Nasal Fracture - Answers Airway obstruction, epistaxis (nosebleed), cosmetic deformity, septal hematoma. Surgical Interventions - Answers Rhinoplasty, Septoplasty. Epistaxis Causes - Answers Trauma, dry air, nose picking, foreign bodies, nasal sprays, alcohol, drugs, rhinitis, tumors, medications (aspirin, NSAIDs). First Aid for Epistaxis - Answers Calm the patient, sit upright, lean forward, pinch the soft, lower part of the nose for 10-15 minutes, apply cold compress to the forehead, seek medical help if bleeding persists. Persistent Bleeding Management - Answers Vasoconstrictors, cauterization, nasal packing (anterior or posterior). Allergic Rhinitis - Answers Allergic reaction to inhaled allergens. Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis - Answers Nasal congestion, sneezing, itchy/watery eyes and nose, clear nasal discharge, altered smell. Management of Allergic Rhinitis - Answers Allergen avoidance, medications (nasal sprays, leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs), antihistamines, decongestants), intranasal corticosteroids, immunotherapy. Viral Rhinitis - Answers Viral infection. Complications of Viral Rhinitis - Answers Pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media. Sinusitis Causes - Answers Inflammation of the sinuses, often follows URI. Can be viral, bacterial, or chronic. Symptoms of Sinusitis - Answers Facial pain/pressure, purulent nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, fever, malaise. Management of Sinusitis - Answers Environmental control, increased hydration, nasal irrigation, upright posture, avoid nasogastric tubes, report fever 38°C, follow prescribed antibiotic therapy. Acute Pharyngitis - Answers Inflammation of the pharynx. Causes of Acute Pharyngitis - Answers Viral (most common), bacterial (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes), fungal. Symptoms of Acute Pharyngitis - Answers Sore throat, pain on swallowing. Management Goals for Acute Pharyngitis - Answers Control infection, relieve symptoms, prevent complications. Airway Obstruction - Answers Complete or partial blockage of the airway. A medical emergency if complete. Causes of Airway Obstruction - Answers Aspiration, foreign body, laryngeal edema, tracheal/laryngeal stenosis, allergic reactions. Tracheotomy/Tracheostomy - Answers Surgical creation of an airway through the neck into the trachea. Asthma - Answers Chronic inflammatory airway disorder. Triggers of Asthma - Answers Allergens, exercise, infections, cold air, stress, GERD. Spirometry - Answers Pulmonary function test (PFT) measuring airflow. Key Values in Spirometry - Answers FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second, FVC: Forced Vital Capacity, FEV1/FVC Ratio: Typically 70-80% in obstructive disease. Inhaler Technique - Answers Crucial for effectiveness. MDI - Answers Shake, exhale, seal lips, slow deep inhale while pressing, hold breath 10 seconds. Use spacer. DPI - Answers Load dose, exhale, seal lips, forceful inhale, hold breath 10 seconds. Asthma Action Plan - Answers Guides management based on symptom severity (Green, Yellow, Red zones). Status Asthmaticus - Answers Severe, life-threatening attack unresponsive to usual treatment. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answers Progressive airflow limitation, primarily due to smoking. Involves chronic inflammation and destruction of lung tissue. Etiology of COPD - Answers Smoking (primary), environmental exposures. Manifestations of COPD - Answers Progressive dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production. Diagnosis of COPD - Answers History (smoking), spirometry (FEV1 /FVC70%), clinical assessment. Management of COPD - Answers Smoking Cessation: Paramount. Medications for COPD - Answers Bronchodilators (SABAs, LABAs), ICS (often with LABAs), mucolytics. Oxygen Therapy in COPD - Answers For hypoxemia (PaO2 60 mmHg or SaO2 88%). Target SaO2 88-92% in COPD to avoid CO2 narcosis. Pulmonary Rehabilitation - Answers Exercise, education, breathing techniques (pursed-lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing), nutritional support. Complications of COPD - Answers Exacerbations, cor pulmonale, respiratory failure. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) - Answers Autosomal recessive genetic disorder affecting CFTR protein, leading to thick, viscous mucus in multiple organs. Manifestations of CF - Answers Respiratory: Chronic infections, impaired mucus clearance. GI: Digestive issues, malabsorption, diabetes. Diagnosis of CF - Answers Sweat chloride test, genetic testing. Management of CF - Answers Airway clearance techniques (CPT, PEP devices), medications (mucolytics, bronchodilators), aggressive antibiotic treatment, nutritional support (pancreatic enzymes, high-calorie diet). Pneumonia - Answers Acute inflammation of lung parenchyma. Causes of Pneumonia - Answers Bacteria, viruses, fungi. Manifestations of Pneumonia - Answers Fever, chills, cough (productive), dyspnea, chest pain. Diagnosis of Pneumonia - Answers Chest X-ray, sputum culture, CBC. Treatment of Pneumonia - Answers Antibiotics (empiric then targeted), hydration, oxygen. Tuberculosis (TB) - Answers Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Airborne transmission. Types of TB - Answers Latent (dormant, non-contagious) and Active (symptomatic, contagious). Manifestations of TB - Answers Fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, cough, chest pain, hemoptysis. Diagnosis of TB - Answers TST, chest X-ray, sputum studies. Management of TB - Answers Multi-drug antibiotic therapy (e.g., Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol). Nursing in TB - Answers Airborne precautions (N95 mask), patient education. Lung Cancer - Answers Primary Risk Factor: Smoking. Types of Lung Cancer - Answers Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Treatment of Lung Cancer - Answers Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy. Pneumothorax - Answers Air in pleural space. Tension Pneumothorax - Answers Medical emergency with mediastinal shift. Treatment of Tension Pneumothorax - Answers Chest tube insertion. Pleural Effusion - Answers Fluid in pleural space. Diagnostic/Therapeutic Procedure for Pleural Effusion - Answers Thoracentesis. Chest Tubes and Pleural Drainage - Answers Purpose: Remove air/fluid, re-expand lung. Nursing in Chest Tubes - Answers Maintain closed system, monitor drainage and air leak (bubbling in water seal chamber), ensure patency. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) - Answers Blockage of pulmonary artery, often from DVT. Symptoms of PE - Answers Sudden dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia. Management of PE - Answers Anticoagulation, oxygen. Insomnia - Answers Difficulty initiating/maintaining sleep, or poor sleep quality. Types of Insomnia - Answers Acute (weeks), Chronic (months). Management of Insomnia - Answers CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia) is first-line. Sleep hygiene education. Sleep Hygiene Education - Answers Regular sleep schedule, relaxing bedtime routine, quiet/dark/cool environment, avoid stimulants (caffeine, nicotine, alcohol) before bed, avoid large meals close to bedtime, limit napping, regular exercise (but not too close to bedtime). Narcolepsy - Answers Neurological disorder affecting the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness), sleep paralysis, and hallucinations. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) - Answers Partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to repeated breathing cessation. Risk Factors for OSA - Answers Obesity, large neck circumference, age. Manifestations of OSA - Answers Snoring, daytime sleepiness, witnessed apneas, morning headaches. Management of OSA - Answers Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP, BiPAP), weight loss, oral appliances, surgery. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) - Answers Involuntary leg movements during sleep, disrupting sleep quality. Parasomnias - Answers Undesirable behaviors during sleep (e.g., sleepwalking, night terrors, nightmares). Older Adults and Sleep - Answers Often experience decreased deep sleep, shorter total sleep time, and more awakenings. Fluid Compartments - Answers Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells (approx. 2/3 of total body water). Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells (approx. 1/3 of total body water). Osmosis - Answers Water movement across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration. Water follows sodium. Hydrostatic Pressure - Answers Pushes fluid out of capillaries (e.g., from blood pressure). Oncotic Pressure - Answers Pulls fluid into capillaries, primarily due to proteins like albumin. Isotonic Solutions - Answers Same osmolarity as body fluids (e.g., 0.9% NaCl, Lactated Ringer's). Used for hydration and volume replacement. Hypertonic Solutions - Answers Higher osmolarity than body fluids (e.g., 3% NaCl). Draws fluid into the vascular space. Hypotonic Solutions - Answers Lower osmolarity than body fluids (e.g., 0.45% NaCl). Moves fluid out of the vascular space into cells. Sodium (Na+) - Answers (Normal: 136-145 mEq/L) Key for ECF volume and BP regulation. Hypotonic - Answers Lower osmolarity than body fluids (e.g., 0.45% NaCl). Moves fluid out of the vascular space into cells. Hypernatremia - Answers 145: Signs of dehydration, thirst, confusion. Treat with fluid replacement. Hyponatremia - Answers 136: Signs of cerebral edema (headache, confusion, seizures). Treat with fluid restriction or sodium replacement. Potassium (K+) - Answers (Normal: 3.5-5.1 mEq/L) Crucial for cardiac and muscle function. Hyperkalemia - Answers 5.1: Peaked T-waves on ECG, dysrhythmias. Treatment involves stabilizing the heart, shifting K+ into cells, and removing K+ from the body. Hypokalemia - Answers 3.5: Flattened T-waves on ECG, muscle weakness, ileus. Treat with K+ replacement (oral or IV). Calcium (Ca2+) - Answers (Normal: 2.10-2.50 mmol/L) Important for bones, clotting, muscle function. Hypocalcemia - Answers 2.10: Neuromuscular irritability (Chvostek's/Trousseau's signs). Treat with calcium and Vitamin D. Magnesium (Mg2+) - Answers (Normal: 0.65-1.05 mmol/L) Involved in enzyme activity and nerve transmission. Hypomagnesemia - Answers 0.65: Tremors, seizures. Treat with magnesium replacement. pH - Answers Normal blood pH is 7.35-7.45. Acidosis - Answers pH 7.35. Alkalosis - Answers pH 7.45. Hypertension - Answers Sustained elevated systemic arterial BP. Normal Blood Pressure - Answers SBP120 mmHg and DBP80 mmHg. Hypertension Definition - Answers SBP≥140 mmHg or DBP≥90 mmHg. BP Formula - Answers BP=CardiacOutput(CO)×SystemicVascularResistance(SVR). Primary Hypertension - Answers Most common, multifactorial. Secondary Hypertension - Answers Due to an identifiable cause (e.g., renal disease). Management of Hypertension - Answers Lifestyle Modifications: DASH diet, reduced sodium, weight loss, exercise, limit alcohol, smoking cessation. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Answers Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup) in coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the myocardium. Angina Pectoris - Answers Chest pain due to myocardial ischemia. Stable Angina - Answers Predictable, occurs with exertion, relieved by rest/nitroglycerin. Unstable Angina - Answers New onset, occurs at rest, or worsening pattern. Medical emergency. Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) - Answers Prolonged myocardial ischemia not immediately reversible. Includes unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI. Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Answers Heart muscle cell death due to prolonged ischemia. STEMI - Answers ST-elevation MI (total occlusion).