MBI 111 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
2 Types of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) - ANS 1. Cystitis (Bladder Infection)
2. Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection)
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Bacterial Agents (3) - ANS 1.E. coli (most common)
2. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
3. Enterococcus
Occurs when E. coli bacteria (normal microbiota in the large intestine) find their way to the
urethra and then travel up to the bladder
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Symptoms (7) - ANS -Frequent urge to urinate
-Painful urination
-Feeling that bladder is not empty after urination
-Pelvic pain
-Fever
-Nausea
-Sometimes cloudy or orange urine
WOMAN affected more than men because of short urethra
How UTI's transition FROM Cystitis TO Pyelonephritis - ANS -Untreated cystitis can progress
to pyelonephritis
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,-if the bacteria travel up the ureters to the kidneys; scarring of kidneys can permanently impair
function
-Symptoms of Pyelonephritis includes that of Cystitis and back pain and high fever
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Treatment (1) - ANS Antibiotics
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Prevention (4 total) - ANS 1. Prevention of cystitis:
-Drink lots of water or maybe drink cranberry juice
-Good hygiene
-Vaccines are in development to serve as prevention (but none yet)
2. Prevention of pyelonephritis:
-Treat cystitis as soon as symptoms appear
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) - ANS STI agents require environmental conditions found
inside the body
-Intimate contact required for transmission
-Can be spread by all types of sexual contact
-Often there are no symptoms: People don't realize they are infected
-STIs increase the risk of becoming infected with HIV
STI Prevention (4) - ANS 1. Abstinence (prevents all)
2. Monogamy with uninfected monogamous partner (prevents all)
3. Condoms (prevents some)
4. Medical checkups/tests for sexually active people (symptoms or not)
Where is Normal Microbiota found (2) and NOT found (3) in females? - ANS FOUND:
-outer section of uretha
-Vagina (species differ from after childbirth)
NOT FOUND:
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, -uterus
-fallopian tubes
-ovaries
The microbes that cause STIs...? - ANS May cause damage to the reproductive organs
Gonorrhea Bacterial Agent - ANS Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea Symptoms in Males (2) - ANS 1. Painful urination
2. Pus discharge from urethra
Gonorrhea Symptoms in Females (3) - ANS 1. Mucus
2. Pus, and/or bloody vaginal discharge
3. Sometimes painful urination
N. gonorrhoeae can also infect the eye, throat, or anus
Gonorrhea Complications from untreated cases - ANS 1. Men: Scarred, partially blocked
urethra, infected testes, vas deferens ->Infertility
2. Women: Inflammation and/or Pelvic Inflammatory Disease -> Scarred fallopian tubes ->
Infertility
3. Disseminated gonorrhea: Infection of heart, meninges, eyes, joints (arthritis)
Gonorrhea Treatment (1) - ANS Antibiotics
What happens if Gonorrhea is transferred to infant during birth? (1) - ANS -Blindness (Testing
pregnant women & antibiotic eye drops for newborns are means of prevention)
Chlamydia Bacterial Agent - ANS Chlamydia Trachomatis
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
2 Types of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) - ANS 1. Cystitis (Bladder Infection)
2. Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection)
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Bacterial Agents (3) - ANS 1.E. coli (most common)
2. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
3. Enterococcus
Occurs when E. coli bacteria (normal microbiota in the large intestine) find their way to the
urethra and then travel up to the bladder
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Symptoms (7) - ANS -Frequent urge to urinate
-Painful urination
-Feeling that bladder is not empty after urination
-Pelvic pain
-Fever
-Nausea
-Sometimes cloudy or orange urine
WOMAN affected more than men because of short urethra
How UTI's transition FROM Cystitis TO Pyelonephritis - ANS -Untreated cystitis can progress
to pyelonephritis
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
,-if the bacteria travel up the ureters to the kidneys; scarring of kidneys can permanently impair
function
-Symptoms of Pyelonephritis includes that of Cystitis and back pain and high fever
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Treatment (1) - ANS Antibiotics
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Prevention (4 total) - ANS 1. Prevention of cystitis:
-Drink lots of water or maybe drink cranberry juice
-Good hygiene
-Vaccines are in development to serve as prevention (but none yet)
2. Prevention of pyelonephritis:
-Treat cystitis as soon as symptoms appear
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) - ANS STI agents require environmental conditions found
inside the body
-Intimate contact required for transmission
-Can be spread by all types of sexual contact
-Often there are no symptoms: People don't realize they are infected
-STIs increase the risk of becoming infected with HIV
STI Prevention (4) - ANS 1. Abstinence (prevents all)
2. Monogamy with uninfected monogamous partner (prevents all)
3. Condoms (prevents some)
4. Medical checkups/tests for sexually active people (symptoms or not)
Where is Normal Microbiota found (2) and NOT found (3) in females? - ANS FOUND:
-outer section of uretha
-Vagina (species differ from after childbirth)
NOT FOUND:
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
, -uterus
-fallopian tubes
-ovaries
The microbes that cause STIs...? - ANS May cause damage to the reproductive organs
Gonorrhea Bacterial Agent - ANS Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea Symptoms in Males (2) - ANS 1. Painful urination
2. Pus discharge from urethra
Gonorrhea Symptoms in Females (3) - ANS 1. Mucus
2. Pus, and/or bloody vaginal discharge
3. Sometimes painful urination
N. gonorrhoeae can also infect the eye, throat, or anus
Gonorrhea Complications from untreated cases - ANS 1. Men: Scarred, partially blocked
urethra, infected testes, vas deferens ->Infertility
2. Women: Inflammation and/or Pelvic Inflammatory Disease -> Scarred fallopian tubes ->
Infertility
3. Disseminated gonorrhea: Infection of heart, meninges, eyes, joints (arthritis)
Gonorrhea Treatment (1) - ANS Antibiotics
What happens if Gonorrhea is transferred to infant during birth? (1) - ANS -Blindness (Testing
pregnant women & antibiotic eye drops for newborns are means of prevention)
Chlamydia Bacterial Agent - ANS Chlamydia Trachomatis
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
