NURS 497 ASSESSMENTS MIDTERM 1
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 2026
Osteoblasts - ANS cells that form bone
osteocytes - ANS cells that maintain bone matrix
osteoclasts - ANS cells that absorb bone
synovial fluids - ANS lubricate cartilage and provide cushion against shocks
alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - ANS identifies bone diseases
calcium - ANS detects calcium imbalances; decreased with lack of calcium and vitamin D
intake and with malabsorption from the GI tract; increases in bone cancer and multiple
fractures
phosporus - ANS increased with bone tumors and phosphate healing fractures
rheumatoid factor - ANS to diagnose RA; also increased in lupus erythmatosus and
scleroderma
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
,uric acid - ANS to diagnose and monitor treatment of gout
human leukocyte antigen - ANS to diagnose diseases such as juvenile RA and ankylosing
spondylitis (arthritis in spine)
creatine kinase (CK) - ANS to diagnose muscle trauma or disease; increased in muscular
dystrophy and traumatic injuries
bone scans - ANS good diagnostic imaging for those at risk for osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
arthroscopy - ANS fiber-optic endoscope to examine the joint interior, to diagnose diseases
and to perform surgery
diagnostic evaluations of MSK - ANS - radiographic examinations (x-rays, CT scans, MRI, bone
scans)
- bone density evaluation
- arthrocentesis
- arthroscopy
stage 1 ulcer - ANS intact skin; red/irritation; unblanchable
stage 2 ulcer - ANS broken skin; partial thickness; blister epidermis and dermis; can ooze;
with or without infection
stage 3 ulcer - ANS full-thickness pressure ulcer extending into the subcutaneous tissue and
resembling a crater. may see subcutaneous fat but not muscle, bone, or tendon; no infection,
often includes undermining or tunneling
stage 4 ulcer - ANS Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
, unstageable ulcer - ANS full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by
slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in the wound bed.
suspected deep tissue injury - ANS Purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin
or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear.
osteoporosis - ANS metabolic disease characterized by bone demineralization, with loss of
calcium and phosphorus salts leading to fragile bones and subsequent risk for fractures
hormones associated with osteoporosis - ANS parathryoid hormone, cortisol, thyroid
hormone, growth hormone
age-related bone loss osteoporosis - ANS not a consequence of aging process, just old bone is
being reabsorbed faster than new bone is being made
regional osteoporosis - ANS confined to a segment of the appendicular skeleton; disuse or
immobilization of a limb due to fractures or joint inflammation; can be reduced by walking
10mins/day
bone mineral density - ANS helps determine drug to use or how to reduce it; <833mg/cm2 is
osteopenic, <648 is osteoporosis
clinical manifestations of osteoporosis - ANS classic dowager's hump or kyphosis of dorsal
spine; loss of height (2-3"); back pain (radiating around trunk); fractures
osteoarthritis - ANS degeneration and eventual loss of articular cartilage, sclerosis of bone
underneath cartilage, and formation of bone spurs (osteophytes); can be one joint; variable
degrees of mild synovitis and thickening of the joint capsule
localized osteoarthritis - ANS primary; affects hands, feet, knee, hip, and spine
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 2026
Osteoblasts - ANS cells that form bone
osteocytes - ANS cells that maintain bone matrix
osteoclasts - ANS cells that absorb bone
synovial fluids - ANS lubricate cartilage and provide cushion against shocks
alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - ANS identifies bone diseases
calcium - ANS detects calcium imbalances; decreased with lack of calcium and vitamin D
intake and with malabsorption from the GI tract; increases in bone cancer and multiple
fractures
phosporus - ANS increased with bone tumors and phosphate healing fractures
rheumatoid factor - ANS to diagnose RA; also increased in lupus erythmatosus and
scleroderma
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
,uric acid - ANS to diagnose and monitor treatment of gout
human leukocyte antigen - ANS to diagnose diseases such as juvenile RA and ankylosing
spondylitis (arthritis in spine)
creatine kinase (CK) - ANS to diagnose muscle trauma or disease; increased in muscular
dystrophy and traumatic injuries
bone scans - ANS good diagnostic imaging for those at risk for osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
arthroscopy - ANS fiber-optic endoscope to examine the joint interior, to diagnose diseases
and to perform surgery
diagnostic evaluations of MSK - ANS - radiographic examinations (x-rays, CT scans, MRI, bone
scans)
- bone density evaluation
- arthrocentesis
- arthroscopy
stage 1 ulcer - ANS intact skin; red/irritation; unblanchable
stage 2 ulcer - ANS broken skin; partial thickness; blister epidermis and dermis; can ooze;
with or without infection
stage 3 ulcer - ANS full-thickness pressure ulcer extending into the subcutaneous tissue and
resembling a crater. may see subcutaneous fat but not muscle, bone, or tendon; no infection,
often includes undermining or tunneling
stage 4 ulcer - ANS Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
, unstageable ulcer - ANS full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by
slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in the wound bed.
suspected deep tissue injury - ANS Purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin
or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear.
osteoporosis - ANS metabolic disease characterized by bone demineralization, with loss of
calcium and phosphorus salts leading to fragile bones and subsequent risk for fractures
hormones associated with osteoporosis - ANS parathryoid hormone, cortisol, thyroid
hormone, growth hormone
age-related bone loss osteoporosis - ANS not a consequence of aging process, just old bone is
being reabsorbed faster than new bone is being made
regional osteoporosis - ANS confined to a segment of the appendicular skeleton; disuse or
immobilization of a limb due to fractures or joint inflammation; can be reduced by walking
10mins/day
bone mineral density - ANS helps determine drug to use or how to reduce it; <833mg/cm2 is
osteopenic, <648 is osteoporosis
clinical manifestations of osteoporosis - ANS classic dowager's hump or kyphosis of dorsal
spine; loss of height (2-3"); back pain (radiating around trunk); fractures
osteoarthritis - ANS degeneration and eventual loss of articular cartilage, sclerosis of bone
underneath cartilage, and formation of bone spurs (osteophytes); can be one joint; variable
degrees of mild synovitis and thickening of the joint capsule
localized osteoarthritis - ANS primary; affects hands, feet, knee, hip, and spine
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
