NR 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM
AND INFLAMMATION MODULE 190 VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS UPDATED 2026 || GRADED A+
Ch7.
"Natural immunity".
Includes the inflammatory response.
Epithelial barriers & inflammation confer innate resistance & protection.
*1st & 2nd line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER - Innate immunity
*prevent invasion by pathogens (skin & mucous membrane)
*Natural barriers include physical, mechanical, and biochemical.
-skin & membranes lining the GI, GU, & respiratory tracts.
*Biochemical barriers
-synthesize & secrete substances meant to trap or destroy microorganisms
-Mucus, earwax, saliva, perspiration, & tears. - CORRECT ANSWER - Innate
immunity (1st line of defense)
2nd line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER - Inflammatory response
,Injury to vascularized tissue.
Inflammation process occurs once skin is punctured and pathogens begin to enter
the skin.
Blood vessels dilate causing redness and heat, transudation of fluid and small
molecules out of the vessels cause edema. - CORRECT ANSWER - Vascular
Response
What is the vascular response
(Inflammatory response) - CORRECT ANSWER - Cardinal signs of
inflammation:
*Vasodilation
*Increase permeability
*Leakage of fluid out the vessel & diapedesis.
What is cellular mediators?
(Inflammatory response) - CORRECT ANSWER - *Primarily circulating
WBC (granulocytes) most common leukocyte.
*Basophils
*eosinophils
*neutrophils
What is plasma protein system?
,(Inflammatory response) - CORRECT ANSWER - *Made up of:
-Complement system
- Clotting cascade system
- Bradykinin system.
Clotting system is activated to form clots & granulocytes migrate through the
tissues into vessels. - CORRECT ANSWER - Diapedesis
The 3 plasma inflammation system DO NOT work in isolation.
Activation of one of the 3 results in activation of the other 2.
Ex. Activation XII can activate all 3 systems.
Activation of complete cascade:
-Opsonin-Increase susceptibility
-chemotactic factors-attract phagocytic cells
-Anaphylatoxins-induces a rapid degranulation of mast cells. - CORRECT
ANSWER - Activation of plasma protein systems
*Most potent defender against bacterial infection
*Composed of plasma proteins
, *Proteins w/I this system are the most potent in inflammatory response.
*Activation may destroy pathogens directly & can activate or collaborate w/
virtually every other compartment of the inflammatory response.
*Activation of complete system causes cell lysis.
*Part of innate system but adaptive system can recruit the complete system to fight
pathogens.
*Most important result of activation is the production of fragments during the
activation that contribute to the inflammation response.
*Cell lysis and destruction of pathogen is the end result.
*Can be activated by
Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway - CORRECT ANSWER - Complement system (Plasma protein
system)
Structure typically formed on the surface of pathogenic bacterial cells as a result of
the activation of the host alternative pathway, classical pathway, or lectin pathway
of the complement system.
Creates pores - CORRECT ANSWER - Membrane attack complex (MAC)
AND INFLAMMATION MODULE 190 VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS UPDATED 2026 || GRADED A+
Ch7.
"Natural immunity".
Includes the inflammatory response.
Epithelial barriers & inflammation confer innate resistance & protection.
*1st & 2nd line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER - Innate immunity
*prevent invasion by pathogens (skin & mucous membrane)
*Natural barriers include physical, mechanical, and biochemical.
-skin & membranes lining the GI, GU, & respiratory tracts.
*Biochemical barriers
-synthesize & secrete substances meant to trap or destroy microorganisms
-Mucus, earwax, saliva, perspiration, & tears. - CORRECT ANSWER - Innate
immunity (1st line of defense)
2nd line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER - Inflammatory response
,Injury to vascularized tissue.
Inflammation process occurs once skin is punctured and pathogens begin to enter
the skin.
Blood vessels dilate causing redness and heat, transudation of fluid and small
molecules out of the vessels cause edema. - CORRECT ANSWER - Vascular
Response
What is the vascular response
(Inflammatory response) - CORRECT ANSWER - Cardinal signs of
inflammation:
*Vasodilation
*Increase permeability
*Leakage of fluid out the vessel & diapedesis.
What is cellular mediators?
(Inflammatory response) - CORRECT ANSWER - *Primarily circulating
WBC (granulocytes) most common leukocyte.
*Basophils
*eosinophils
*neutrophils
What is plasma protein system?
,(Inflammatory response) - CORRECT ANSWER - *Made up of:
-Complement system
- Clotting cascade system
- Bradykinin system.
Clotting system is activated to form clots & granulocytes migrate through the
tissues into vessels. - CORRECT ANSWER - Diapedesis
The 3 plasma inflammation system DO NOT work in isolation.
Activation of one of the 3 results in activation of the other 2.
Ex. Activation XII can activate all 3 systems.
Activation of complete cascade:
-Opsonin-Increase susceptibility
-chemotactic factors-attract phagocytic cells
-Anaphylatoxins-induces a rapid degranulation of mast cells. - CORRECT
ANSWER - Activation of plasma protein systems
*Most potent defender against bacterial infection
*Composed of plasma proteins
, *Proteins w/I this system are the most potent in inflammatory response.
*Activation may destroy pathogens directly & can activate or collaborate w/
virtually every other compartment of the inflammatory response.
*Activation of complete system causes cell lysis.
*Part of innate system but adaptive system can recruit the complete system to fight
pathogens.
*Most important result of activation is the production of fragments during the
activation that contribute to the inflammation response.
*Cell lysis and destruction of pathogen is the end result.
*Can be activated by
Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway - CORRECT ANSWER - Complement system (Plasma protein
system)
Structure typically formed on the surface of pathogenic bacterial cells as a result of
the activation of the host alternative pathway, classical pathway, or lectin pathway
of the complement system.
Creates pores - CORRECT ANSWER - Membrane attack complex (MAC)
