NSG 430 - EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
What does decrease cardiac output lead to - ANS decreased tissue perfusion, impaired gas
exchange, fluid imbalance, and decreased functional ability
What is left ventricular ejection fraction - ANS the percentage of blood pumped out of the
left ventricle with next systole
The most common reason for hospitalization in adults over 65 - ANS heart failure
Risk factors for HF - ANS HTN, CAD
What are the comorbidities that contribute to the development of HF - ANS diabetes,
metabolic syndrome, advanced age, tobacco use, and vascular disease
Etiology of HF - ANS any interference with mechanisms regulating cardiac output (preload
[fill], afterload [empty], HR, contractility)
Precipitating causes of HF - ANS conditions that increase workload of the heart (reduced
cardiac output)
Left side HF is the inability to - ANS empty adequately during systole or fill adequate during
diastole
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Where does the blood go during left sided HF - ANS backs up into the left atrium
Left sided HF causes - ANS pulmonary congestion and edema, decrease in left ventricle
ejection factor
Right sided HF is when the - ANS RV does not pump effectively
Where does the blood go on right sided HF - ANS backs up into the venous system, the fluid
moves into the tissues and organs
What is the most common cause of right sided HF - ANS left sided HF
Compensated HF occurs when - ANS compensatory mechanisms succeed in maintaining an
adequate CO that is needed for tissue perfusion
Decompensated HF occurs when - ANS these mechanisms can no longer maintain adequate
CO and inadequate tissue perfusion results
Remodeling is - ANS change in the structure of the heat caused by continuous activation of
neuor-hormonal responses, hypertrophy of ventricular myocytes , ventricles become larger by
less effective
Remodeling can cause - ANS life threatening dysrhythmias and sudden cardiac death
Natriuretic peptides are released - ANS in responses to increased blood volume and cardiac
wall stretching
Natriuretic peptides cause - ANS diuresis, vasodilation and decreased BP and it counteracts
effects of SNS and RAAS
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
What does decrease cardiac output lead to - ANS decreased tissue perfusion, impaired gas
exchange, fluid imbalance, and decreased functional ability
What is left ventricular ejection fraction - ANS the percentage of blood pumped out of the
left ventricle with next systole
The most common reason for hospitalization in adults over 65 - ANS heart failure
Risk factors for HF - ANS HTN, CAD
What are the comorbidities that contribute to the development of HF - ANS diabetes,
metabolic syndrome, advanced age, tobacco use, and vascular disease
Etiology of HF - ANS any interference with mechanisms regulating cardiac output (preload
[fill], afterload [empty], HR, contractility)
Precipitating causes of HF - ANS conditions that increase workload of the heart (reduced
cardiac output)
Left side HF is the inability to - ANS empty adequately during systole or fill adequate during
diastole
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Where does the blood go during left sided HF - ANS backs up into the left atrium
Left sided HF causes - ANS pulmonary congestion and edema, decrease in left ventricle
ejection factor
Right sided HF is when the - ANS RV does not pump effectively
Where does the blood go on right sided HF - ANS backs up into the venous system, the fluid
moves into the tissues and organs
What is the most common cause of right sided HF - ANS left sided HF
Compensated HF occurs when - ANS compensatory mechanisms succeed in maintaining an
adequate CO that is needed for tissue perfusion
Decompensated HF occurs when - ANS these mechanisms can no longer maintain adequate
CO and inadequate tissue perfusion results
Remodeling is - ANS change in the structure of the heat caused by continuous activation of
neuor-hormonal responses, hypertrophy of ventricular myocytes , ventricles become larger by
less effective
Remodeling can cause - ANS life threatening dysrhythmias and sudden cardiac death
Natriuretic peptides are released - ANS in responses to increased blood volume and cardiac
wall stretching
Natriuretic peptides cause - ANS diuresis, vasodilation and decreased BP and it counteracts
effects of SNS and RAAS
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
