Source A: Alexis de Tocqueville, Journeys to England and Ireland (1835).
This passage is a vivid depiction of industrial Manchester during the
Industrial Revolution, often referred to as the "shock city" of the 19th
century because of how rapidly and dramatically it grew due to
industrialisation.
1 An undulating plain, or rather a collection of little hills...On this watery land, which nature and art
2 have contributed to keep damp, are scattered palaces and hovels. . . .Thirty or forty factories rise
3 on the tops of the hills I have just described. Their six stories tower up; their huge enclosures give
4 notice from afar of the centralisation of industry. The wretched dwellings of the poor are scattered
5 haphazard around them. Round them stretches land uncultivated but without the charm of rustic
6 nature, and still without the amenities of a town. The soil has been taken away, scratched and torn
7 up in a thousand places, but it is not yet covered with the habitations of men. The land is given
8 over to industry's use. . . .Heaps of dung, rubble from buildings, putrid, stagnant pools are found
9 here and there among the houses and over the bumby, pitted surfaces of the public places. . . .
10
11 On ground below the level of the river and overshadowed on every side by immense workshops,
12 stretches marshy land which widely spaced muddy ditches can neither drain nor cleanse. Narrow,
13 twisting roads lead down to it. They are lined with one-story houses whose ill-fitting planks and
14 broken windows show them up, even from a distance, as the last refuge a man might find between
15 poverty and death. None-the-less the wretched people reduced to living in them can still inspire
16 jealousy of their fellow human beings. Below some of their miserable dwellings is a row of cellars
17 to which a sunken corridor leads. Twelve to fifteen human being are crowded pell-mell into each of
18 these damp, repulsive holes.
19 The fetid, muddy waters, stained with a thousand colours by the factories they pass, of one of the
20 streams I mentioned before, wander slowly round this refuge of poverty. They are nowhere kept in
21 place by quays; houses are built haphazard on their banks. Often from the top of their steep banks
22 one sees an attempt at a road opening out through the debris of earth, and the foundations of
23 some houses or the recent ruin of others. It is the Styx of this new Hades. Look up and around this
24 place you will see the huge palaces of industry. You will hear the noise of furnaces, the whistle of
25 steam. These vast structures keep air and light out of the human habitations which they dominate;
26 they envelop them in perpetual fog; here is the slave, there the master; there the wealth of some,
27 here the poverty of most; there the organised effort of thousands produce, to the profit of one
28 man, what society has not yet learnt to give. Here the weakness of the individual seems more
29 feebly and helpless than even in the middle of a wilderness; here the effects, there the causes.
30 A sort of black smoke covers the city. The sun seen through it is a disc without rays. Under this
31 half daylight 300,000 human beings are ceaselessly at work. A thousand noises disturb this damp,
32 dark labyrinth, but they are not at all the ordinary sounds one hears in great cities. The footsteps
33 of a busy crowd, the crunching of wheels of machinery, the shriek of steam from boilers, the
34 regular beat of the looms, the heavy rumble of carts, these are the noises from which you can
35 never escape in the sombre half-light of these streets. You will never hear the clatter of hoofs as
36 the rich man drives back home or out on expeditions of pleasure. Never the gay shouts of people
37 amusing themselves, or music heralding a holiday.
38 You will never see smart folk strolling at leisure in the streets, or going out on innocent pleasure
39 parties in the surrounding country. Crowds are even hurrying this way and that in the Manchester
40 streets, but their footsteps are brisk, their looks preoccupied, and their appearance sombre and
41 harsh. Day and night the street echoes with street noises. . .From this foul drain the greatest
42 stream of human industry flows out to fertilise the whole world. From this filthy sewer pure gold
This passage is a vivid depiction of industrial Manchester during the
Industrial Revolution, often referred to as the "shock city" of the 19th
century because of how rapidly and dramatically it grew due to
industrialisation.
1 An undulating plain, or rather a collection of little hills...On this watery land, which nature and art
2 have contributed to keep damp, are scattered palaces and hovels. . . .Thirty or forty factories rise
3 on the tops of the hills I have just described. Their six stories tower up; their huge enclosures give
4 notice from afar of the centralisation of industry. The wretched dwellings of the poor are scattered
5 haphazard around them. Round them stretches land uncultivated but without the charm of rustic
6 nature, and still without the amenities of a town. The soil has been taken away, scratched and torn
7 up in a thousand places, but it is not yet covered with the habitations of men. The land is given
8 over to industry's use. . . .Heaps of dung, rubble from buildings, putrid, stagnant pools are found
9 here and there among the houses and over the bumby, pitted surfaces of the public places. . . .
10
11 On ground below the level of the river and overshadowed on every side by immense workshops,
12 stretches marshy land which widely spaced muddy ditches can neither drain nor cleanse. Narrow,
13 twisting roads lead down to it. They are lined with one-story houses whose ill-fitting planks and
14 broken windows show them up, even from a distance, as the last refuge a man might find between
15 poverty and death. None-the-less the wretched people reduced to living in them can still inspire
16 jealousy of their fellow human beings. Below some of their miserable dwellings is a row of cellars
17 to which a sunken corridor leads. Twelve to fifteen human being are crowded pell-mell into each of
18 these damp, repulsive holes.
19 The fetid, muddy waters, stained with a thousand colours by the factories they pass, of one of the
20 streams I mentioned before, wander slowly round this refuge of poverty. They are nowhere kept in
21 place by quays; houses are built haphazard on their banks. Often from the top of their steep banks
22 one sees an attempt at a road opening out through the debris of earth, and the foundations of
23 some houses or the recent ruin of others. It is the Styx of this new Hades. Look up and around this
24 place you will see the huge palaces of industry. You will hear the noise of furnaces, the whistle of
25 steam. These vast structures keep air and light out of the human habitations which they dominate;
26 they envelop them in perpetual fog; here is the slave, there the master; there the wealth of some,
27 here the poverty of most; there the organised effort of thousands produce, to the profit of one
28 man, what society has not yet learnt to give. Here the weakness of the individual seems more
29 feebly and helpless than even in the middle of a wilderness; here the effects, there the causes.
30 A sort of black smoke covers the city. The sun seen through it is a disc without rays. Under this
31 half daylight 300,000 human beings are ceaselessly at work. A thousand noises disturb this damp,
32 dark labyrinth, but they are not at all the ordinary sounds one hears in great cities. The footsteps
33 of a busy crowd, the crunching of wheels of machinery, the shriek of steam from boilers, the
34 regular beat of the looms, the heavy rumble of carts, these are the noises from which you can
35 never escape in the sombre half-light of these streets. You will never hear the clatter of hoofs as
36 the rich man drives back home or out on expeditions of pleasure. Never the gay shouts of people
37 amusing themselves, or music heralding a holiday.
38 You will never see smart folk strolling at leisure in the streets, or going out on innocent pleasure
39 parties in the surrounding country. Crowds are even hurrying this way and that in the Manchester
40 streets, but their footsteps are brisk, their looks preoccupied, and their appearance sombre and
41 harsh. Day and night the street echoes with street noises. . .From this foul drain the greatest
42 stream of human industry flows out to fertilise the whole world. From this filthy sewer pure gold
