BIOS 1700 Exam #2 Questions and All
Correct Answers.
metabolism - Answer set of chemical reactions that convert molecules into other molecules
and transfer energy in living organisms
catabolism - Answer the breaking down of energy
anabolism - Answer the building up of energy
1st law of thermodynamics - Answer energy is always conserved
2nd law of thermodynamics - Answer disorder (entropy) in the universe tends to increase
Gibbs Free Energy (G) - Answer energy available to do work (usable energy for organisms)
Endergonic Reaction - Answer non-spontaneous, +G
Exergonic Reaction - Answer spontaneous, -G
hydrolysis - Answer water splits one molecule into two, one product will receive a proton
(H+) the other will receive a hydroxyl (OH-)
enzymes - Answer biological catalysts, increase the rate of reaction & determine which
reactions will proceed in cell
Transition state - Answer intermediate structure between reactants and products
Activation Energy - Answer energy required to form the transition state
enzyme inhibitors - Answer molecules that decrease activity of enzymes
irreversible inhibitors - Answer form covalent bonds with enzymes, stay attached
reversible inhibitors - Answer form weak bonds with enzymes, can dissociate into two types
(competitive and non-competitive)
, competitive inhibitors - Answer bind to same site a substrate (active site), can be overcome
with large excess amount of substrate
non-competitive inhibitors - Answer bind at a different site than the substrate (allosteric
site), change enzyme shape to inhibit
metabolic pathway - Answer series of chemical reactions, gradually modify a molecule, each
reaction requires different enzyme
Cellular Respiration - Answer catabolic process, breakdown of fuel molecules, gradual
process of many reactions, releases energy a little at a time- used to make ATP, key organelle:
Mitochondria
Reduction - Answer gain of electrons
oxidation - Answer loss of electrons
Four Stages of Cell Resp. - Answer Stage 1: Glycolysis, Stage 2: Acetyl-CoA synthesis, Stage 3:
Citric Acid Cycle, Stage 4: oxidative phosphorylation (O2 consumed, H2O produced)
electrons carriers - Answer deliver electrons to stage 4, in glycolysis- NAD+, FAD
Stage 1: Glycolysis - Answer splitting sugar, anaerobic process (no oxygen is used), occurs in
cytosol. Net production 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH. Contains 3 phases
Mitochondria - Answer stages 2-4 of cell resp. (intermembrane space, inner membrane,
matrix, outer membrane)
Stage 2: Acetyl-CoA synthesis - Answer from one glucose molecule: 2 NADH( to oxidative
phosphorylation), 2 Acetyl-CoA (to citric acid cycle)
Stage 3: Citric Acid Cycle - Answer aka: Krebs cycle/TCA cycle. C atoms from Acetyl-CoA
released as CO2, electrons reduce NAD+ to NADH, from one glucose you get: 2 ATP, 6 NADH,
FADH2
Stage 4: ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation - Answer 4 protein complexes- pass electrons
along inner mitochondrial membrane (redox reactions). As e- pass they release energy-used to
pump H+ into intermembrane space. Creates electrochemical gradient
Correct Answers.
metabolism - Answer set of chemical reactions that convert molecules into other molecules
and transfer energy in living organisms
catabolism - Answer the breaking down of energy
anabolism - Answer the building up of energy
1st law of thermodynamics - Answer energy is always conserved
2nd law of thermodynamics - Answer disorder (entropy) in the universe tends to increase
Gibbs Free Energy (G) - Answer energy available to do work (usable energy for organisms)
Endergonic Reaction - Answer non-spontaneous, +G
Exergonic Reaction - Answer spontaneous, -G
hydrolysis - Answer water splits one molecule into two, one product will receive a proton
(H+) the other will receive a hydroxyl (OH-)
enzymes - Answer biological catalysts, increase the rate of reaction & determine which
reactions will proceed in cell
Transition state - Answer intermediate structure between reactants and products
Activation Energy - Answer energy required to form the transition state
enzyme inhibitors - Answer molecules that decrease activity of enzymes
irreversible inhibitors - Answer form covalent bonds with enzymes, stay attached
reversible inhibitors - Answer form weak bonds with enzymes, can dissociate into two types
(competitive and non-competitive)
, competitive inhibitors - Answer bind to same site a substrate (active site), can be overcome
with large excess amount of substrate
non-competitive inhibitors - Answer bind at a different site than the substrate (allosteric
site), change enzyme shape to inhibit
metabolic pathway - Answer series of chemical reactions, gradually modify a molecule, each
reaction requires different enzyme
Cellular Respiration - Answer catabolic process, breakdown of fuel molecules, gradual
process of many reactions, releases energy a little at a time- used to make ATP, key organelle:
Mitochondria
Reduction - Answer gain of electrons
oxidation - Answer loss of electrons
Four Stages of Cell Resp. - Answer Stage 1: Glycolysis, Stage 2: Acetyl-CoA synthesis, Stage 3:
Citric Acid Cycle, Stage 4: oxidative phosphorylation (O2 consumed, H2O produced)
electrons carriers - Answer deliver electrons to stage 4, in glycolysis- NAD+, FAD
Stage 1: Glycolysis - Answer splitting sugar, anaerobic process (no oxygen is used), occurs in
cytosol. Net production 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH. Contains 3 phases
Mitochondria - Answer stages 2-4 of cell resp. (intermembrane space, inner membrane,
matrix, outer membrane)
Stage 2: Acetyl-CoA synthesis - Answer from one glucose molecule: 2 NADH( to oxidative
phosphorylation), 2 Acetyl-CoA (to citric acid cycle)
Stage 3: Citric Acid Cycle - Answer aka: Krebs cycle/TCA cycle. C atoms from Acetyl-CoA
released as CO2, electrons reduce NAD+ to NADH, from one glucose you get: 2 ATP, 6 NADH,
FADH2
Stage 4: ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation - Answer 4 protein complexes- pass electrons
along inner mitochondrial membrane (redox reactions). As e- pass they release energy-used to
pump H+ into intermembrane space. Creates electrochemical gradient
