D115 Note Taking Guide EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -
SOLVED (Newest 2026)
Genes - CORRECT ANSWERS Basic units of inheritance composed of DNA.
Chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWERS Structures that contain genes.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA - CORRECT ANSWERS Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G),
Thymine (T). A pairs with T/U; C and G pair together.
DNA Replication - CORRECT ANSWERS Process based on complementary base pairing, where
a single strand serves as a template for a new strand.
DNA Polymerase - CORRECT ANSWERS The primary enzyme involved in DNA replication that
adds bases and performs proofreading functions.
Transcription Factors - CORRECT ANSWERS Proteins that bind to DNA sequences to regulate
the timing and specificity of transcription.
Chromosome Pairs in Humans - CORRECT ANSWERS Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Downs Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS A chromosome abnormality (Trisomy 21)
characterized by mental retardation, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and poor muscle tone.
Cri du Chat Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS A condition caused by a missing gene (DNA
deletion) resulting in low birth weight, mental retardation, microcephaly, and a cat-like cry.
,Pedigree Charts - CORRECT ANSWERS Tools used in genetics to analyze modes of inheritance
and summarize family relationships regarding genetic diseases.
Gender Determination - CORRECT ANSWERS Determined by the presence of the SRY gene
on the Y chromosome; Y chromosome leads to males, absence leads to females.
Multifactorial Diseases - CORRECT ANSWERS Diseases influenced by multiple factors,
including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and some cancers.
Criteria for Multifactorial Inheritance - CORRECT ANSWERS Includes higher recurrence risk
with more affected family members, more severe disease in probands, and rapid decrease in risk with
remote relatives.
Monozygotic Twins - CORRECT ANSWERS Identical twins formed from a single embryo that
divides into two.
Dizygotic Twins - CORRECT ANSWERS Fraternal twins resulting from double ovulation and
fertilization of two different eggs by different sperm.
Epigenetic Targeting - CORRECT ANSWERS Pharmaceutical strategies for treating epigenetic
abnormalities must be targeted to affected genomic regions.
Prader-Willi Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS An imprinting disorder characterized by short
stature, hypotonia, and obesity due to a missing gene.
Angelman Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS missing a gene- characterized by severe mental
retardation, seizures, and ataxia
,Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS over expression of gene-
characterized by large size for gestational age, creases on earlobe, and large tongue.
Genotype - CORRECT ANSWERS unique genetic makeup
Phenotype - CORRECT ANSWERS outward apparent physical and biochemical attributes
Nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWERS consists of one deoxyribose molecule, 1 phosphate group,
and 1 base
Aneuploid - CORRECT ANSWERS Somatic cells that don't have a multiple of 23
chromosomes; usually the result of nondisjunction.
Monosomies - CORRECT ANSWERS cause more severe physical defects than do trisomy's;
illustrating the principle that the loss of chromosome material has more severe consequences than the
duplication of chromosome material.
Autosomal dominant - CORRECT ANSWERS a pattern of inheritance in which an affected
individual has a copy of a mutant gene.
Probability in Genetics - CORRECT ANSWERS It is used in genetic counseling.
Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWERS predominate in early inflammatory response; they are
first responders.
Physical Defense - CORRECT ANSWERS protect against damage and infection; composed of
tightly associated epithelial cells including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the
gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts.
, Mechanical Defense - CORRECT ANSWERS "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off of dead
skin, vomiting, urination, coughing).
Biochemical barriers - CORRECT ANSWERS secrets substances meant to trap or destroy
microorganisms (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous glands, and earwax).
Inflammatory Response - CORRECT ANSWERS rapid and nonspecific, protective response to
cellular injury from any cause; can occur only in vascularized tissue.
Acute Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS Short duration, 8-10 days from onset to healing;
associated with fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis.
Chronic Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS can be a continuation of acute inflammation
that lasts 2 weeks or longer; can also occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute
inflammation.
Wound Healing Phase 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS Inflammation- includes coagulation and the
infiltration of cells that participate in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages.
Wound Healing Phase 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS Proliferation and New Tissue Formation
(Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal; begins 3-4 days after injury and continues for as long as 2
weeks.
Wound Healing Phase 3 - CORRECT ANSWERS Remodeling and Maturation- phase for
recovering normal tissue structure that can persist for years.
Neonates Inflammatory Response - CORRECT ANSWERS often have transiently depressed
inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and alternative complement activity.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -
SOLVED (Newest 2026)
Genes - CORRECT ANSWERS Basic units of inheritance composed of DNA.
Chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWERS Structures that contain genes.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA - CORRECT ANSWERS Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G),
Thymine (T). A pairs with T/U; C and G pair together.
DNA Replication - CORRECT ANSWERS Process based on complementary base pairing, where
a single strand serves as a template for a new strand.
DNA Polymerase - CORRECT ANSWERS The primary enzyme involved in DNA replication that
adds bases and performs proofreading functions.
Transcription Factors - CORRECT ANSWERS Proteins that bind to DNA sequences to regulate
the timing and specificity of transcription.
Chromosome Pairs in Humans - CORRECT ANSWERS Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Downs Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS A chromosome abnormality (Trisomy 21)
characterized by mental retardation, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and poor muscle tone.
Cri du Chat Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS A condition caused by a missing gene (DNA
deletion) resulting in low birth weight, mental retardation, microcephaly, and a cat-like cry.
,Pedigree Charts - CORRECT ANSWERS Tools used in genetics to analyze modes of inheritance
and summarize family relationships regarding genetic diseases.
Gender Determination - CORRECT ANSWERS Determined by the presence of the SRY gene
on the Y chromosome; Y chromosome leads to males, absence leads to females.
Multifactorial Diseases - CORRECT ANSWERS Diseases influenced by multiple factors,
including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and some cancers.
Criteria for Multifactorial Inheritance - CORRECT ANSWERS Includes higher recurrence risk
with more affected family members, more severe disease in probands, and rapid decrease in risk with
remote relatives.
Monozygotic Twins - CORRECT ANSWERS Identical twins formed from a single embryo that
divides into two.
Dizygotic Twins - CORRECT ANSWERS Fraternal twins resulting from double ovulation and
fertilization of two different eggs by different sperm.
Epigenetic Targeting - CORRECT ANSWERS Pharmaceutical strategies for treating epigenetic
abnormalities must be targeted to affected genomic regions.
Prader-Willi Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS An imprinting disorder characterized by short
stature, hypotonia, and obesity due to a missing gene.
Angelman Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS missing a gene- characterized by severe mental
retardation, seizures, and ataxia
,Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS over expression of gene-
characterized by large size for gestational age, creases on earlobe, and large tongue.
Genotype - CORRECT ANSWERS unique genetic makeup
Phenotype - CORRECT ANSWERS outward apparent physical and biochemical attributes
Nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWERS consists of one deoxyribose molecule, 1 phosphate group,
and 1 base
Aneuploid - CORRECT ANSWERS Somatic cells that don't have a multiple of 23
chromosomes; usually the result of nondisjunction.
Monosomies - CORRECT ANSWERS cause more severe physical defects than do trisomy's;
illustrating the principle that the loss of chromosome material has more severe consequences than the
duplication of chromosome material.
Autosomal dominant - CORRECT ANSWERS a pattern of inheritance in which an affected
individual has a copy of a mutant gene.
Probability in Genetics - CORRECT ANSWERS It is used in genetic counseling.
Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWERS predominate in early inflammatory response; they are
first responders.
Physical Defense - CORRECT ANSWERS protect against damage and infection; composed of
tightly associated epithelial cells including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the
gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts.
, Mechanical Defense - CORRECT ANSWERS "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off of dead
skin, vomiting, urination, coughing).
Biochemical barriers - CORRECT ANSWERS secrets substances meant to trap or destroy
microorganisms (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous glands, and earwax).
Inflammatory Response - CORRECT ANSWERS rapid and nonspecific, protective response to
cellular injury from any cause; can occur only in vascularized tissue.
Acute Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS Short duration, 8-10 days from onset to healing;
associated with fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis.
Chronic Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS can be a continuation of acute inflammation
that lasts 2 weeks or longer; can also occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute
inflammation.
Wound Healing Phase 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS Inflammation- includes coagulation and the
infiltration of cells that participate in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages.
Wound Healing Phase 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS Proliferation and New Tissue Formation
(Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal; begins 3-4 days after injury and continues for as long as 2
weeks.
Wound Healing Phase 3 - CORRECT ANSWERS Remodeling and Maturation- phase for
recovering normal tissue structure that can persist for years.
Neonates Inflammatory Response - CORRECT ANSWERS often have transiently depressed
inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and alternative complement activity.
