Bios 1700 Exam#1 With All Correct
Answers 2026 Updated.
Outline the scientific method - Answer Observation ➡️
hypothesis ➡️
predictions
➡️experiments and/or new observations ➡️ THEORY
Covalent bonds - Answer Atoms that share electrons
Polar covalent bonds - Answer Electrons that are not equally shared, causing one atom to
have a higher electronegativity than the other
Electronegativity - Answer The strength with which atoms attract electrons
Hydrogen bonds - Answer The bond between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and an
electronegative atom of another molecule (partial + attracts partial -)
Ionic bonds - Answer One atom takes the electron from another due to a much higher
electronegativity (ie. NaCl)
Place the types of bonds in increasing strength - Answer Van der Waals, hydrogen, ionic,
covalent
Peptide bond - Answer Bonds amino acids to form a polypeptide chain (protein)
Phosphodiester bond - Answer Bonds phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar of another
Glycosidic bonds - Answer Links carbohydrates/monosaccharides to one another
Van der Waals forces - Answer The interactions between lipids caused by the constant
motion of electrons
Start codon - Answer AUG
Stop codons - Answer UGA, UAG, UAA
Hydrophobic AA's - Answer Alanine (Ala), Valine (Val), Leucine (Leu), Isoleucine (Ile),
Methionine (met), Phenylalanine (phe), Tryptophan (trp), Tyrosine (Tyr)
, Basic AA's - Answer Lysine (lys), Arginine (arg), Histidine (his)
Acidic AA's - Answer Aspartic acid (asp), Glutamic acid (glu)
Polar AA's - Answer Asparagine (asn), glutamine (gln), Serine (ser), Threonine (thr)
Special AA's - Answer Glycine (gly): smallest, saves space, free rotation
Proline (pro): R group connected to amino group, stiff
Cysteine (cys): disulfide bonds holds shape within a protein and links proteins together
Purines (2 rings) - Answer Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines - Answer Thymine (T), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C)
Nucleoside - Answer Base+sugar, NO phosphate
Nucleotide - Answer Base + sugar + phosphate (up to 3)
Nucleic acid - Answer Base + (deoxy)ribose + phosphate
What direction is genetic information read in? - Answer 5' (phosphate) to 3' (hydroxyl)
Chargaff's rule - Answer A always bonds with T and every G with C, therefore %A=%T and
%G=%C
How is DNA structured? - Answer Double helix (proposed by Watson & Crick, 1953): consists
of 2 antiparallel strands with a sugar-phosphate backbone
What's the difference between DNA and RNA? - Answer DNA: deoxyribose (H at 2'), Thymine
base, double helix structure
RNA: ribose (OH at 2'), Uracil base, single stranded
How is DNA packed in prokaryotes? - Answer Supercoiling (makes it more compact)
Answers 2026 Updated.
Outline the scientific method - Answer Observation ➡️
hypothesis ➡️
predictions
➡️experiments and/or new observations ➡️ THEORY
Covalent bonds - Answer Atoms that share electrons
Polar covalent bonds - Answer Electrons that are not equally shared, causing one atom to
have a higher electronegativity than the other
Electronegativity - Answer The strength with which atoms attract electrons
Hydrogen bonds - Answer The bond between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and an
electronegative atom of another molecule (partial + attracts partial -)
Ionic bonds - Answer One atom takes the electron from another due to a much higher
electronegativity (ie. NaCl)
Place the types of bonds in increasing strength - Answer Van der Waals, hydrogen, ionic,
covalent
Peptide bond - Answer Bonds amino acids to form a polypeptide chain (protein)
Phosphodiester bond - Answer Bonds phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar of another
Glycosidic bonds - Answer Links carbohydrates/monosaccharides to one another
Van der Waals forces - Answer The interactions between lipids caused by the constant
motion of electrons
Start codon - Answer AUG
Stop codons - Answer UGA, UAG, UAA
Hydrophobic AA's - Answer Alanine (Ala), Valine (Val), Leucine (Leu), Isoleucine (Ile),
Methionine (met), Phenylalanine (phe), Tryptophan (trp), Tyrosine (Tyr)
, Basic AA's - Answer Lysine (lys), Arginine (arg), Histidine (his)
Acidic AA's - Answer Aspartic acid (asp), Glutamic acid (glu)
Polar AA's - Answer Asparagine (asn), glutamine (gln), Serine (ser), Threonine (thr)
Special AA's - Answer Glycine (gly): smallest, saves space, free rotation
Proline (pro): R group connected to amino group, stiff
Cysteine (cys): disulfide bonds holds shape within a protein and links proteins together
Purines (2 rings) - Answer Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines - Answer Thymine (T), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C)
Nucleoside - Answer Base+sugar, NO phosphate
Nucleotide - Answer Base + sugar + phosphate (up to 3)
Nucleic acid - Answer Base + (deoxy)ribose + phosphate
What direction is genetic information read in? - Answer 5' (phosphate) to 3' (hydroxyl)
Chargaff's rule - Answer A always bonds with T and every G with C, therefore %A=%T and
%G=%C
How is DNA structured? - Answer Double helix (proposed by Watson & Crick, 1953): consists
of 2 antiparallel strands with a sugar-phosphate backbone
What's the difference between DNA and RNA? - Answer DNA: deoxyribose (H at 2'), Thymine
base, double helix structure
RNA: ribose (OH at 2'), Uracil base, single stranded
How is DNA packed in prokaryotes? - Answer Supercoiling (makes it more compact)
