D027 Pathophysiology & Pharmacology – WGU
Complete Exam Bank (158 Questions) – 2026 Updated
Instructions
• Choose the best answer.
• Each question includes answer and explanation.
1. Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (NovoLog), and Glulisine are what type of insulin? A. Long-acting
B. Rapid-acting
C. Intermediate
D. Mixed
Answer: B. Rapid-acting
Explanation: These insulins act quickly to control postprandial glucose.
1. What inheritance pattern gives a 50% chance if one parent is affected? A. Autosomal recessive
B. X-linked
C. Autosomal dominant
D. Mitochondrial
Answer: C. Autosomal dominant
Explanation: Only one mutated allele is needed.
1. Both parents are carriers with a 25% affected child risk. What pattern? A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked dominant
D. Codominant
Answer: B. Autosomal recessive
Explanation: Two recessive alleles required.
1. What disease affects pancreas causing lung secretions? A. COPD
B. Asthma
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Bronchitis
Answer: C. Cystic fibrosis
Explanation: Thick mucus from CFTR mutation.
1. Trisomy 21 is known as? A. Turner syndrome
B. Down syndrome
1
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, C. Klinefelter syndrome
D. Fragile X
Answer: B. Down syndrome
Explanation: Extra chromosome 21.
1. Male with XXY genotype? A. Turner syndrome
B. Klinefelter syndrome
C. Down syndrome
D. Edwards syndrome
Answer: B. Klinefelter syndrome
Explanation: Extra X chromosome in males.
1. Missing X chromosome in females? A. Turner syndrome
B. Klinefelter
C. Down syndrome
D. Fragile X
Answer: A. Turner syndrome
Explanation: Monosomy X.
1. What condition causes mild to severe anemia genetically? A. Iron deficiency
B. Alpha thalassemia
C. Sickle cell
D. Leukemia
Answer: B. Alpha thalassemia
Explanation: Reduced alpha globin production.
1. What medication is contraindicated in beta thalassemia? A. Vitamin C
B. Ferrous sulfate
C. Calcium
D. Insulin
Answer: B. Ferrous sulfate
Explanation: Iron overload risk.
1. What does prevalence measure? A. New cases
B. Total population
C. Existing cases at a time
D. Mortality rate
Answer: C. Existing cases at a time
Explanation: Snapshot of disease burden.
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, 1. Incidence refers to? A. Existing cases
B. New cases over time
C. Mortality
D. Recovery rate
Answer: B. New cases over time
Explanation: Measures disease risk.
1. What immunity involves inflammation and vascular permeability? A. Adaptive
B. Passive
C. Innate
D. Humoral
Answer: C. Innate
Explanation: First-line defense.
1. Which cells are involved in adaptive immunity? A. RBCs
B. Platelets
C. B & T lymphocytes
D. Neutrophils
Answer: C. B & T lymphocytes
Explanation: Specific immune response.
1. What drug class treats leukemia and is toxic to lymphoid tissue? A. NSAIDs
B. Glucocorticoids
C. Statins
D. Antibiotics
Answer: B. Glucocorticoids
Explanation: Suppress lymphocyte proliferation.
1. Tamoxifen belongs to which drug class? A. Beta blocker
B. SERM
C. ACE inhibitor
D. Statin
Answer: B. SERM
Explanation: Blocks estrogen receptors.
1. What condition is failure of heart to meet metabolic demand? A. MI
B. CHF
C. Arrhythmia
D. Stroke
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, Answer: B. CHF
Explanation: Reduced cardiac output.
1. What is normal ejection fraction? A. 30%
B. 40%
C. 55–60%
D. 70–80%
Answer: C. 55–60%
Explanation: Normal ventricular function.
1. Gold standard lab for heart failure? A. Troponin
B. BNP
C. CBC
D. CRP
Answer: B. BNP
Explanation: Elevated with ventricular stretch.
1. What diagnostic tool evaluates heart structure? A. MRI
B. ECG
C. Echocardiogram
D. CT scan
Answer: C. Echocardiogram
Explanation: Visualizes heart function.
1. First-line drug for stable angina? A. Aspirin
B. Nitroglycerin
C. Beta blockers
D. ACE inhibitors
Answer: B. Nitroglycerin
Explanation: Relieves chest pain rapidly.
1. What is pneumonia pathophysiology? A. Airway dilation
B. Fluid in alveoli
C. Decreased mucus
D. Bronchospasm
Answer: B. Fluid in alveoli
Explanation: Impairs gas exchange.
1. What is emphysema? A. Bronchial inflammation
B. Alveolar destruction
4
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Complete Exam Bank (158 Questions) – 2026 Updated
Instructions
• Choose the best answer.
• Each question includes answer and explanation.
1. Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (NovoLog), and Glulisine are what type of insulin? A. Long-acting
B. Rapid-acting
C. Intermediate
D. Mixed
Answer: B. Rapid-acting
Explanation: These insulins act quickly to control postprandial glucose.
1. What inheritance pattern gives a 50% chance if one parent is affected? A. Autosomal recessive
B. X-linked
C. Autosomal dominant
D. Mitochondrial
Answer: C. Autosomal dominant
Explanation: Only one mutated allele is needed.
1. Both parents are carriers with a 25% affected child risk. What pattern? A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked dominant
D. Codominant
Answer: B. Autosomal recessive
Explanation: Two recessive alleles required.
1. What disease affects pancreas causing lung secretions? A. COPD
B. Asthma
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Bronchitis
Answer: C. Cystic fibrosis
Explanation: Thick mucus from CFTR mutation.
1. Trisomy 21 is known as? A. Turner syndrome
B. Down syndrome
1
Page 1 of 68 3/18/2026, 6:24:26 PM
, C. Klinefelter syndrome
D. Fragile X
Answer: B. Down syndrome
Explanation: Extra chromosome 21.
1. Male with XXY genotype? A. Turner syndrome
B. Klinefelter syndrome
C. Down syndrome
D. Edwards syndrome
Answer: B. Klinefelter syndrome
Explanation: Extra X chromosome in males.
1. Missing X chromosome in females? A. Turner syndrome
B. Klinefelter
C. Down syndrome
D. Fragile X
Answer: A. Turner syndrome
Explanation: Monosomy X.
1. What condition causes mild to severe anemia genetically? A. Iron deficiency
B. Alpha thalassemia
C. Sickle cell
D. Leukemia
Answer: B. Alpha thalassemia
Explanation: Reduced alpha globin production.
1. What medication is contraindicated in beta thalassemia? A. Vitamin C
B. Ferrous sulfate
C. Calcium
D. Insulin
Answer: B. Ferrous sulfate
Explanation: Iron overload risk.
1. What does prevalence measure? A. New cases
B. Total population
C. Existing cases at a time
D. Mortality rate
Answer: C. Existing cases at a time
Explanation: Snapshot of disease burden.
2
Page 2 of 68 3/18/2026, 6:24:26 PM
, 1. Incidence refers to? A. Existing cases
B. New cases over time
C. Mortality
D. Recovery rate
Answer: B. New cases over time
Explanation: Measures disease risk.
1. What immunity involves inflammation and vascular permeability? A. Adaptive
B. Passive
C. Innate
D. Humoral
Answer: C. Innate
Explanation: First-line defense.
1. Which cells are involved in adaptive immunity? A. RBCs
B. Platelets
C. B & T lymphocytes
D. Neutrophils
Answer: C. B & T lymphocytes
Explanation: Specific immune response.
1. What drug class treats leukemia and is toxic to lymphoid tissue? A. NSAIDs
B. Glucocorticoids
C. Statins
D. Antibiotics
Answer: B. Glucocorticoids
Explanation: Suppress lymphocyte proliferation.
1. Tamoxifen belongs to which drug class? A. Beta blocker
B. SERM
C. ACE inhibitor
D. Statin
Answer: B. SERM
Explanation: Blocks estrogen receptors.
1. What condition is failure of heart to meet metabolic demand? A. MI
B. CHF
C. Arrhythmia
D. Stroke
3
Page 3 of 68 3/18/2026, 6:24:26 PM
, Answer: B. CHF
Explanation: Reduced cardiac output.
1. What is normal ejection fraction? A. 30%
B. 40%
C. 55–60%
D. 70–80%
Answer: C. 55–60%
Explanation: Normal ventricular function.
1. Gold standard lab for heart failure? A. Troponin
B. BNP
C. CBC
D. CRP
Answer: B. BNP
Explanation: Elevated with ventricular stretch.
1. What diagnostic tool evaluates heart structure? A. MRI
B. ECG
C. Echocardiogram
D. CT scan
Answer: C. Echocardiogram
Explanation: Visualizes heart function.
1. First-line drug for stable angina? A. Aspirin
B. Nitroglycerin
C. Beta blockers
D. ACE inhibitors
Answer: B. Nitroglycerin
Explanation: Relieves chest pain rapidly.
1. What is pneumonia pathophysiology? A. Airway dilation
B. Fluid in alveoli
C. Decreased mucus
D. Bronchospasm
Answer: B. Fluid in alveoli
Explanation: Impairs gas exchange.
1. What is emphysema? A. Bronchial inflammation
B. Alveolar destruction
4
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