NR 412 Exam 1 Complete Study
Questions with Correct Answers
1. What is the total body water (TBW) per body weight in infants? -
ANSWER 75-80%
2. Osmosis - ANSWER The movement of water across a permeable
membrane from low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute
3. Osmolarity - ANSWER The total concentration of all solute particles in a
solution. Osmolarity is classified as;
-Hypotonic
-Hypertonic
-Isotonic
4. Hypertonic solution - ANSWER A solution in which the concentration of
solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution. Meaning
there is more "salt" in the solution than in the RBC so water will leave RBC
and they will crenate.
5. Hypotonic solution - ANSWER A solution in which the concentration of
solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution. Meaning there
is more "salt" inside the RBC so water will enter the RBC and they will lyse.
6. Filtration - ANSWER Movement of both water and small molecules
through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high pressure to low
pressure.
,Filtration occurs due to hydrostatic pressure balanced with osmotic pressure.
7. Natriuretic Peptides - ANSWER Hormones secreted by special cells lining
the atria and ventricles of the heart. They are secreted in response to
increased blood volume and blood pressure. NP's then bind to sites on the
kidneys that stops the RAAS.
8. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANSWER -Secreted from the posterior
pituitary gland
-Promotes water reabsorption from the kidney
-Is also a potent vasoconstrictor like Angiotensin II
9. What causes the release of ADH? - ANSWER 1. Increase in blood
osmolarity
2. Decrease in blood volume
3. Hypotension
4. Nausea/vomiting
10.What can inhibit the release of ADH? - ANSWER -Increase in fluid volume
-Alcohol intake (makes you urinate more)
11.What is the total body water (TBW) per body weight in adult males? -
ANSWER 60%
12.What is the total body water (TBW) per body weight in adult females? -
ANSWER 50%
,13.Hydrostatic Pressure - ANSWER -Pressure exerted by a fluid within a
closed system
-Force of the weight of water molecules pressing against confining walls
-Moves from high pressure to low pressure
14.Osmotic Pressure - ANSWER -The power of a solution to draw water
-A highly concentrated solution draws water
-For example an artery has high pressure that travels by cells and "bathes" them,
then at the venous side fluid is drawn back into the artery via osmotic pressure.
15.What structure regulates thirst in the body? - ANSWER Hypothalamus - it
tests the tonicity of the blood and decides if we need more water or not
16.Fluid output come from what 4 main organs? - ANSWER -Kidneys:
urination
-GI tract: BM
-Skin: perspiration (insensible loss)
-Lungs: exhalation (insensible loss)
17.Which hormones help regulate body fluid balance? - ANSWER -
Aldosterone
-RAAS
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Natriuretic peptides
18.Aldosterone - ANSWER The main mineralocorticoid released from the
adrenal gland. Aldosterone causes sodium to be retained, therefore holding
in water (where salt goes water follows).
, 19.What stimulates the release of Aldosterone? - ANSWER -Decreased BP
-Low sodium levels (hyponatremia)
-High potassium levels (hyperkalemia)
20.Cluster headache - ANSWER -typical in men ages 20-40
-neurovascular headache
-severe, unrelenting, unilateral pain
-pain is of rapid onset
21.Calcium deficit - ANSWER -"Hypocalcemia"
-Caused by hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, vitamin D deficiency
22.Phosphate excess - ANSWER -"Hyperphosphatemia"
-High serum PO4-will decrease the movement of calcium from the bone
23.Phosphate deficit - ANSWER -"Hypophosphatemia"
-Caused by alcoholism, burns, starvation, and diuretic use
-Low serum phosphate will increase the movement of calcium from bone
24.Sensory - ANSWER -Vision
-Hearing
25.Somatosensory - ANSWER Provides awareness of pain, touch, temperature,
and position
Questions with Correct Answers
1. What is the total body water (TBW) per body weight in infants? -
ANSWER 75-80%
2. Osmosis - ANSWER The movement of water across a permeable
membrane from low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute
3. Osmolarity - ANSWER The total concentration of all solute particles in a
solution. Osmolarity is classified as;
-Hypotonic
-Hypertonic
-Isotonic
4. Hypertonic solution - ANSWER A solution in which the concentration of
solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution. Meaning
there is more "salt" in the solution than in the RBC so water will leave RBC
and they will crenate.
5. Hypotonic solution - ANSWER A solution in which the concentration of
solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution. Meaning there
is more "salt" inside the RBC so water will enter the RBC and they will lyse.
6. Filtration - ANSWER Movement of both water and small molecules
through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high pressure to low
pressure.
,Filtration occurs due to hydrostatic pressure balanced with osmotic pressure.
7. Natriuretic Peptides - ANSWER Hormones secreted by special cells lining
the atria and ventricles of the heart. They are secreted in response to
increased blood volume and blood pressure. NP's then bind to sites on the
kidneys that stops the RAAS.
8. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANSWER -Secreted from the posterior
pituitary gland
-Promotes water reabsorption from the kidney
-Is also a potent vasoconstrictor like Angiotensin II
9. What causes the release of ADH? - ANSWER 1. Increase in blood
osmolarity
2. Decrease in blood volume
3. Hypotension
4. Nausea/vomiting
10.What can inhibit the release of ADH? - ANSWER -Increase in fluid volume
-Alcohol intake (makes you urinate more)
11.What is the total body water (TBW) per body weight in adult males? -
ANSWER 60%
12.What is the total body water (TBW) per body weight in adult females? -
ANSWER 50%
,13.Hydrostatic Pressure - ANSWER -Pressure exerted by a fluid within a
closed system
-Force of the weight of water molecules pressing against confining walls
-Moves from high pressure to low pressure
14.Osmotic Pressure - ANSWER -The power of a solution to draw water
-A highly concentrated solution draws water
-For example an artery has high pressure that travels by cells and "bathes" them,
then at the venous side fluid is drawn back into the artery via osmotic pressure.
15.What structure regulates thirst in the body? - ANSWER Hypothalamus - it
tests the tonicity of the blood and decides if we need more water or not
16.Fluid output come from what 4 main organs? - ANSWER -Kidneys:
urination
-GI tract: BM
-Skin: perspiration (insensible loss)
-Lungs: exhalation (insensible loss)
17.Which hormones help regulate body fluid balance? - ANSWER -
Aldosterone
-RAAS
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Natriuretic peptides
18.Aldosterone - ANSWER The main mineralocorticoid released from the
adrenal gland. Aldosterone causes sodium to be retained, therefore holding
in water (where salt goes water follows).
, 19.What stimulates the release of Aldosterone? - ANSWER -Decreased BP
-Low sodium levels (hyponatremia)
-High potassium levels (hyperkalemia)
20.Cluster headache - ANSWER -typical in men ages 20-40
-neurovascular headache
-severe, unrelenting, unilateral pain
-pain is of rapid onset
21.Calcium deficit - ANSWER -"Hypocalcemia"
-Caused by hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, vitamin D deficiency
22.Phosphate excess - ANSWER -"Hyperphosphatemia"
-High serum PO4-will decrease the movement of calcium from the bone
23.Phosphate deficit - ANSWER -"Hypophosphatemia"
-Caused by alcoholism, burns, starvation, and diuretic use
-Low serum phosphate will increase the movement of calcium from bone
24.Sensory - ANSWER -Vision
-Hearing
25.Somatosensory - ANSWER Provides awareness of pain, touch, temperature,
and position
