Bio 253 Hondros Test 2 Exam fully solved & updated 2026(latest
version verified for accuracy) | 2026 Latest!!
Job of Auditory (Eustachian) tube
maintains equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
connects middle ear to throat
Are cranial/spinal nerves PNS or CNS?
PNS
Tunic layers of Eye
Fibrous outer layer-sclera and cornea
Vascula middle layer-pigmented, cont. blood vessels
Nervous inner layer-retina, rods and cones
What are the ear stones?
Otoliths-help with balance and equilibrium
Receptors activated by specific action
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Cranial nerves that control eye movement
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Fovea Centralis
Part of Retina that contains the highest amount of photoreceptors
Optic Disc
Optic nerve exits through here
Pt of retina the has NO photoreceptors
where blood vessels enter eye
Sound transmission in ear
1|Page
, Pinna (auricle)--external auditory canal--tympanic membrane (vibrates back and forth; pushes on
the ossicles)--malleolus, incus, stapes--fluid in the inner ear becomes wavy and stimulates
mechanoreceptors (hair cells) in the cochlea
Which receptors never experience adaptation?
Nociceptors--Pain
Receptors controlled by being stretched or pushed on
Mechanoreceptors
ie-Bladder distention
The receptor of the nose
chemoreceptors
Which structure contains tracts that carry nerve impulses to/from brain?
White matter
Endocrine glands
ductless
release hormones
hormones travel through blood to targets
lamellated corpuscles
common in deeper subcut. tissues, tendons, ligaments
detect heavy pressure
tactile corpuscles
abundant in hairless portions of skin
detect light touch
microglia
perform phagocytosis, eat germs, clean up cellular debris when cells die
astrocytes
deliver nutrients
help form synapses
regulate fluid in interstial
ependymal cells
2|Page
version verified for accuracy) | 2026 Latest!!
Job of Auditory (Eustachian) tube
maintains equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
connects middle ear to throat
Are cranial/spinal nerves PNS or CNS?
PNS
Tunic layers of Eye
Fibrous outer layer-sclera and cornea
Vascula middle layer-pigmented, cont. blood vessels
Nervous inner layer-retina, rods and cones
What are the ear stones?
Otoliths-help with balance and equilibrium
Receptors activated by specific action
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Cranial nerves that control eye movement
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Fovea Centralis
Part of Retina that contains the highest amount of photoreceptors
Optic Disc
Optic nerve exits through here
Pt of retina the has NO photoreceptors
where blood vessels enter eye
Sound transmission in ear
1|Page
, Pinna (auricle)--external auditory canal--tympanic membrane (vibrates back and forth; pushes on
the ossicles)--malleolus, incus, stapes--fluid in the inner ear becomes wavy and stimulates
mechanoreceptors (hair cells) in the cochlea
Which receptors never experience adaptation?
Nociceptors--Pain
Receptors controlled by being stretched or pushed on
Mechanoreceptors
ie-Bladder distention
The receptor of the nose
chemoreceptors
Which structure contains tracts that carry nerve impulses to/from brain?
White matter
Endocrine glands
ductless
release hormones
hormones travel through blood to targets
lamellated corpuscles
common in deeper subcut. tissues, tendons, ligaments
detect heavy pressure
tactile corpuscles
abundant in hairless portions of skin
detect light touch
microglia
perform phagocytosis, eat germs, clean up cellular debris when cells die
astrocytes
deliver nutrients
help form synapses
regulate fluid in interstial
ependymal cells
2|Page
