NUR242 FINAL 2026 TEST PAPER SOLVED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ What are the manifestations of tuberculosis? Answer: latent=
asymptomatic;
active= cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, anorexia
◉ What are some complications of TB? Answer: miliary TB
(disseminated all over the body);
pleural effusion;
tuberculosis pneumonia;
involvement of other organs (kidneys, liver)
◉ What are some diagnostic studies used for TB? Answer:
tuberculin skin testing;
chest x-ray;
sputum smear for AFB;
sputum culture
◉ What is severe acute respiratory syndrome? Answer: a severe
form of pneumonia caused by a coronavirus;
,transmitted person-to-person contact, droplets, and touching
objects
◉ How long is the incubation period for acute respiratory
syndrome? Answer: 4-6 days
◉ What is the mortality rate for acute respiratory syndrome?
Answer: 10%
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome?
Answer: fever;
non-productive cough;
dyspnea;
lymphopenia (WBC count goes down);
hypoxemia
◉ What is histoplasmosis? Answer: a fungal infection transmitted
airborne by soil, bird and bat excreta (midwest);
often asymptomatic;
severe, disseminated disease in immunosuppressed people
◉ What is coccidiomycosis? Answer: a fungal infection transmitted
by soil (southwest);
,acute respiratory symptoms;
skin and joint involvement
◉ What are some neuromuscular disorders affecting respiration?
Answer: poliomyelitis;
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- aggressive paralysis of the muscular
neurons;
muscular dystrophies;
Guillain-Barre syndrome- type of paralysis;
myasthenia gravis- destruction of acetylcholine receptors leading to
fatigue
◉ What are some chest wall disorders affecting respiration?
Answer: kyphosis- front to back;
scoliosis- side;
ankylosing spondylitis- infusion of the spinal column bones;
flail chest- person was in trauma, group of ribs broken off from the
rest;
obesity- abdominal contents pushing up on diaphragm leading to
respiratory problems
◉ What are the obstructive pulmonary diseases? Answer: asthma;
COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis);
, cystic fibrosis
◉ What are the restrictive pulmonary diseases? Answer: chest wall
(kyphosis);
pleural (effusions and pneumothorax);
parenchymal (occupational, ARDS-IRDS, atelectasis)
◉ What are the sources of obstructive pulmonary disease? Answer:
conditions in the airway wall;
loss of lung parenchyma- lung tissue actually gets damaged and
destroyed;
airway lumen obstruction- usually mucus
◉ What is asthma? Answer: bronchial smooth muscle constriction
leading to mucosal inflammation and edema and hyper secretion of
mucus;
increased airway responsiveness to stimuli
◉ What is airway responsiveness? Answer: the reaction of the
airway to various stimuli that leads to narrowing of the airways
◉ What does the movement of gases through the airways depend
on? Answer: the pressure moving the gases;
the radius and patency of the airways
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ What are the manifestations of tuberculosis? Answer: latent=
asymptomatic;
active= cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, anorexia
◉ What are some complications of TB? Answer: miliary TB
(disseminated all over the body);
pleural effusion;
tuberculosis pneumonia;
involvement of other organs (kidneys, liver)
◉ What are some diagnostic studies used for TB? Answer:
tuberculin skin testing;
chest x-ray;
sputum smear for AFB;
sputum culture
◉ What is severe acute respiratory syndrome? Answer: a severe
form of pneumonia caused by a coronavirus;
,transmitted person-to-person contact, droplets, and touching
objects
◉ How long is the incubation period for acute respiratory
syndrome? Answer: 4-6 days
◉ What is the mortality rate for acute respiratory syndrome?
Answer: 10%
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome?
Answer: fever;
non-productive cough;
dyspnea;
lymphopenia (WBC count goes down);
hypoxemia
◉ What is histoplasmosis? Answer: a fungal infection transmitted
airborne by soil, bird and bat excreta (midwest);
often asymptomatic;
severe, disseminated disease in immunosuppressed people
◉ What is coccidiomycosis? Answer: a fungal infection transmitted
by soil (southwest);
,acute respiratory symptoms;
skin and joint involvement
◉ What are some neuromuscular disorders affecting respiration?
Answer: poliomyelitis;
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- aggressive paralysis of the muscular
neurons;
muscular dystrophies;
Guillain-Barre syndrome- type of paralysis;
myasthenia gravis- destruction of acetylcholine receptors leading to
fatigue
◉ What are some chest wall disorders affecting respiration?
Answer: kyphosis- front to back;
scoliosis- side;
ankylosing spondylitis- infusion of the spinal column bones;
flail chest- person was in trauma, group of ribs broken off from the
rest;
obesity- abdominal contents pushing up on diaphragm leading to
respiratory problems
◉ What are the obstructive pulmonary diseases? Answer: asthma;
COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis);
, cystic fibrosis
◉ What are the restrictive pulmonary diseases? Answer: chest wall
(kyphosis);
pleural (effusions and pneumothorax);
parenchymal (occupational, ARDS-IRDS, atelectasis)
◉ What are the sources of obstructive pulmonary disease? Answer:
conditions in the airway wall;
loss of lung parenchyma- lung tissue actually gets damaged and
destroyed;
airway lumen obstruction- usually mucus
◉ What is asthma? Answer: bronchial smooth muscle constriction
leading to mucosal inflammation and edema and hyper secretion of
mucus;
increased airway responsiveness to stimuli
◉ What is airway responsiveness? Answer: the reaction of the
airway to various stimuli that leads to narrowing of the airways
◉ What does the movement of gases through the airways depend
on? Answer: the pressure moving the gases;
the radius and patency of the airways
