advanced pathophysiology exam 1
exam Questions Answered Correctly
(Qs) 2026 update
discuss the five essential components of pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWERS -study of
human physiologic dysfunction in disease (disruption of homeostasis and feedback loops) 1110 specific
diseases have been identified
1. Etiology= causative mechanisms "why"
2. Epidemiology= risk factors and distribution in populations "patterns" incidence and prevalence of
disease. Incidence: #of new cases in a given population within a given time. Prevalence: # of cases
existing (both old and new) in a given time
3. Pathogenesis= disease mechanisms, sequence of events that occurs from stimulus to disease
4. Clinical manifestations= signs (result of exam/assessment), symptoms and diagnostic criteria
5. Outcomes= cure, remission, chronicity, death
discuss the causes--physiologic and pathologic--of atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia and give
examples - CORRECT ANSWERS - atrophy: reduction in cell size d/t decrease in work
demands or adverse environmental conditions. physiologic: disappear when stressor is removed
(thymus gland and child development). pathologic: remain when stressor is removed d/t decreased
workload (brain tissue + Alzheimer's disease)
-hypertrophy: increase in tissue size d/t increase in work demands. physiologic: muscles w/ increased
lifting, heart muscles with exercise/pregnancy- can return to norm size. pathologic: after donating a
kidney to keep up with workload, dilated cardiomyopathy- never return in size
, -hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells in an organ/tissue that is still capable of mitotic division.
physiologic: uterus with pregnancy. pathologic: endometriosis
-Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. For
example, removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells, callus= thickening
of skin d/t stimulus
describe the anatomic and physiologic changes that occur in the cell during: atrophy, hypertrophy,
hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS -atrophy: cell shrink's d/t decreased
workload/stimulus/nutrients
-hypertrophy: adaptive response-cell enlarges d/t increased workload/stimulus/nutrients
-hyperplasia: cell multiplies d/t increased rate of cellular division in response to injury when severe and
prolonged
discuss the cause, pathophysiology, and significance of metaplasia and dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS
-dysplasia: abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells- found in cervix (hpv) and
respiratory tract (smoking), strongly associated with neoplastic growths and cancerous cells- is not
cancer themselves, can be reversible if stimulus is removed- precursor to cancer
-metaplasia: reversible replacement of mature cell by another- cells in respiratory tract stronger but do
not secrete protective mucus (smoking)
explain the general mechanisms of cell injury and give two (2) examples of each - CORRECT ANSWERS
4 etiologies/categories based on mechanism of injury:
1. impaired energy production: (most) decreased ATP production d/t (4):
I. *hypoxia*: most common, lack of O2-aerobic phase cannot continue, anaerobic only=lactic acid
-*ischemia*, low Hgb/decreased RBC (anemia), carbon monoxide poisoning
exam Questions Answered Correctly
(Qs) 2026 update
discuss the five essential components of pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWERS -study of
human physiologic dysfunction in disease (disruption of homeostasis and feedback loops) 1110 specific
diseases have been identified
1. Etiology= causative mechanisms "why"
2. Epidemiology= risk factors and distribution in populations "patterns" incidence and prevalence of
disease. Incidence: #of new cases in a given population within a given time. Prevalence: # of cases
existing (both old and new) in a given time
3. Pathogenesis= disease mechanisms, sequence of events that occurs from stimulus to disease
4. Clinical manifestations= signs (result of exam/assessment), symptoms and diagnostic criteria
5. Outcomes= cure, remission, chronicity, death
discuss the causes--physiologic and pathologic--of atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia and give
examples - CORRECT ANSWERS - atrophy: reduction in cell size d/t decrease in work
demands or adverse environmental conditions. physiologic: disappear when stressor is removed
(thymus gland and child development). pathologic: remain when stressor is removed d/t decreased
workload (brain tissue + Alzheimer's disease)
-hypertrophy: increase in tissue size d/t increase in work demands. physiologic: muscles w/ increased
lifting, heart muscles with exercise/pregnancy- can return to norm size. pathologic: after donating a
kidney to keep up with workload, dilated cardiomyopathy- never return in size
, -hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells in an organ/tissue that is still capable of mitotic division.
physiologic: uterus with pregnancy. pathologic: endometriosis
-Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. For
example, removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells, callus= thickening
of skin d/t stimulus
describe the anatomic and physiologic changes that occur in the cell during: atrophy, hypertrophy,
hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS -atrophy: cell shrink's d/t decreased
workload/stimulus/nutrients
-hypertrophy: adaptive response-cell enlarges d/t increased workload/stimulus/nutrients
-hyperplasia: cell multiplies d/t increased rate of cellular division in response to injury when severe and
prolonged
discuss the cause, pathophysiology, and significance of metaplasia and dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS
-dysplasia: abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells- found in cervix (hpv) and
respiratory tract (smoking), strongly associated with neoplastic growths and cancerous cells- is not
cancer themselves, can be reversible if stimulus is removed- precursor to cancer
-metaplasia: reversible replacement of mature cell by another- cells in respiratory tract stronger but do
not secrete protective mucus (smoking)
explain the general mechanisms of cell injury and give two (2) examples of each - CORRECT ANSWERS
4 etiologies/categories based on mechanism of injury:
1. impaired energy production: (most) decreased ATP production d/t (4):
I. *hypoxia*: most common, lack of O2-aerobic phase cannot continue, anaerobic only=lactic acid
-*ischemia*, low Hgb/decreased RBC (anemia), carbon monoxide poisoning
