Test Bank & Study Guide: Drug Classifications, Mechanisms, & Adverse Effects.
1.Pharmacology
Antibiotics
Mechanisms & Examples
- *Beta-lactams* (penicillins, cephalosporins): inhibit cell wall synthesis
- _Example_: Amoxicillin for strep throat
- *Macrolides* (azithromycin): inhibit protein synthesis
- _Example_: Azithromycin for pneumonia
- *Fluoroquinolones* (ciprofloxacin): inhibit DNA replication
- _Example_: Ciprofloxacin for UTIs
Adverse Effects
- *Penicillins*: allergy (rash, anaphylaxis)
- *Aminoglycosides* (gentamicin): nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
- *Tetracyclines* (doxycycline): photosensitivity, teeth discoloration
Cardiovascular Drugs
Mechanisms & Examples
- Cardiovascular
- *Beta-blockers* (metoprolol): block beta-receptors, reduce HR/BP
- _Example_: Metoprolol for hypertension
- *ACE inhibitors* (lisinopril): inhibit RAAS, reduce BP
- _Example_: Lisinopril for heart failure
- *Diuretics* (furosemide): increase Na⁺/H₂O excretion
- _Example_: Furosemide for edema
Adverse Effects
- *Beta-blockers*: bradycardia, bronchospasm (caution in asthma)
- *ACE inhibitors*: cough, angioedema
- *Diuretics* (loop): hypokalemia, dehydration
Respiratory Drugs
### Mechanisms & Examples
- *Bronchodilators* (albuterol): relax bronchial smooth muscle
- _Example_: Albuterol for acute asthma
- *Corticosteroids* (fluticasone): reduce inflammation
- _Example_: Fluticasone for chronic asthma
Adverse Effects
- *Bronchodilators*: tremors, tachycardia
- *Corticosteroids*: oral thrush, adrenal suppression (long-term)
Pain Management
Mechanisms & Examples
- *Opioids* (morphine): bind opioid receptors, reduce pain
- _Example_: Morphine for post-op pain
, - *NSAIDs* (ibuprofen): inhibit COX, reduce inflammation
- _Example_: Ibuprofen for headache
Adverse Effects
- *Opioids*: respiratory depression, constipation, addiction risk
- *NSAIDs*: GI bleed, renal impairment
Psychiatric Drugs
Mechanisms & Examples
- *SSRIs* (fluoxetine): inhibit serotonin reuptake
- _Example_: Fluoxetine for depression
- *Antipsychotics* (olanzapine): block dopamine receptors
- _Example_: Olanzapine for schizophrenia
Adverse Effects
- *SSRIs*: nausea, sexual dysfunction
- *Antipsychotics*: weight gain, extrapyramidal symptoms
Endocrine Drugs
Mechanisms & Examples
- *Insulin*: promotes glucose uptake
- _Example_: Insulin lispro for mealtime glucose control
- *Metformin*: decreases hepatic glucose production
- _Example_: Metformin for type 2 diabetes
Adverse Effects
- *Insulin*: hypoglycemia
- *Metformin*: GI upset, lactic acidosis risk
Test Questions
1. *Q*: What’s the mechanism of beta-blockers?
*A*: Block beta-receptors, reduce HR/BP.
2. *Q*: A patient on ACE inhibitors develops cough. What’s the action?
*A*: Consider switching to ARB.
3. *Q*: What’s a major adverse effect of opioids?
*A*: Respiratory depression.
Study Tips
- Create flashcards: drug class, mechanism, 1–2 adverse effects.
- Practice NCLEX-style questions focusing on application (e.g., patient scenarios).
- Group drugs by system (CVD, respiratory) for better retention.
2.Pathophysiology
Disease Mechanisms
1.Pharmacology
Antibiotics
Mechanisms & Examples
- *Beta-lactams* (penicillins, cephalosporins): inhibit cell wall synthesis
- _Example_: Amoxicillin for strep throat
- *Macrolides* (azithromycin): inhibit protein synthesis
- _Example_: Azithromycin for pneumonia
- *Fluoroquinolones* (ciprofloxacin): inhibit DNA replication
- _Example_: Ciprofloxacin for UTIs
Adverse Effects
- *Penicillins*: allergy (rash, anaphylaxis)
- *Aminoglycosides* (gentamicin): nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
- *Tetracyclines* (doxycycline): photosensitivity, teeth discoloration
Cardiovascular Drugs
Mechanisms & Examples
- Cardiovascular
- *Beta-blockers* (metoprolol): block beta-receptors, reduce HR/BP
- _Example_: Metoprolol for hypertension
- *ACE inhibitors* (lisinopril): inhibit RAAS, reduce BP
- _Example_: Lisinopril for heart failure
- *Diuretics* (furosemide): increase Na⁺/H₂O excretion
- _Example_: Furosemide for edema
Adverse Effects
- *Beta-blockers*: bradycardia, bronchospasm (caution in asthma)
- *ACE inhibitors*: cough, angioedema
- *Diuretics* (loop): hypokalemia, dehydration
Respiratory Drugs
### Mechanisms & Examples
- *Bronchodilators* (albuterol): relax bronchial smooth muscle
- _Example_: Albuterol for acute asthma
- *Corticosteroids* (fluticasone): reduce inflammation
- _Example_: Fluticasone for chronic asthma
Adverse Effects
- *Bronchodilators*: tremors, tachycardia
- *Corticosteroids*: oral thrush, adrenal suppression (long-term)
Pain Management
Mechanisms & Examples
- *Opioids* (morphine): bind opioid receptors, reduce pain
- _Example_: Morphine for post-op pain
, - *NSAIDs* (ibuprofen): inhibit COX, reduce inflammation
- _Example_: Ibuprofen for headache
Adverse Effects
- *Opioids*: respiratory depression, constipation, addiction risk
- *NSAIDs*: GI bleed, renal impairment
Psychiatric Drugs
Mechanisms & Examples
- *SSRIs* (fluoxetine): inhibit serotonin reuptake
- _Example_: Fluoxetine for depression
- *Antipsychotics* (olanzapine): block dopamine receptors
- _Example_: Olanzapine for schizophrenia
Adverse Effects
- *SSRIs*: nausea, sexual dysfunction
- *Antipsychotics*: weight gain, extrapyramidal symptoms
Endocrine Drugs
Mechanisms & Examples
- *Insulin*: promotes glucose uptake
- _Example_: Insulin lispro for mealtime glucose control
- *Metformin*: decreases hepatic glucose production
- _Example_: Metformin for type 2 diabetes
Adverse Effects
- *Insulin*: hypoglycemia
- *Metformin*: GI upset, lactic acidosis risk
Test Questions
1. *Q*: What’s the mechanism of beta-blockers?
*A*: Block beta-receptors, reduce HR/BP.
2. *Q*: A patient on ACE inhibitors develops cough. What’s the action?
*A*: Consider switching to ARB.
3. *Q*: What’s a major adverse effect of opioids?
*A*: Respiratory depression.
Study Tips
- Create flashcards: drug class, mechanism, 1–2 adverse effects.
- Practice NCLEX-style questions focusing on application (e.g., patient scenarios).
- Group drugs by system (CVD, respiratory) for better retention.
2.Pathophysiology
Disease Mechanisms
