Galen NUR 242 Exam 4 -
Cardiovascular
What is a normal ejection fraction? - ✔️✔️55-65%
What are the contraindications for cardiac catherization? - ✔️✔️due to use of dye -
renal failure/insufficiency (cret >1.5) or metformin use in the last 48 hours
Why is a cardiac catherization conducted? - ✔️✔️blockage in coronary arteries
All rythm issues are ____________ related - ✔️✔️electrical/conduction
P Wave - ✔️✔️atrial contraction / atrial depolarization
QRS complex - ✔️✔️ventricular contraction / ventricular depolarization
T Wave - ✔️✔️ventricular relaxation/ ventricular repolarization
In order for a ryhtm to be sinus it must have: - ✔️✔️orginating from the sinus node with
a normal P, QRS and T segment AND be between 60-100 bpm
Sinus bradycardia - ✔️✔️originating from the sinus node, normal segments but slower ;
rate less than 60 bpm
Symptomatic bradycardia - ✔️✔️dizzy, faint, lightheaded, diophoretic, hypotensive
Emergency treatment of bradycardia - ✔️✔️atropine 0.5 - 1mg IV
Sinus tachycardia - ✔️✔️originates from sinus node, contains all the segments but is
fast; rate > 100bpm
Causes of tachycardia - ✔️✔️fever, pain, dehydration, hyperthyroid, anxiety, energy
drinks, medications, illicit drugs
What is blood pressure? - ✔️✔️force of blood against vessel walls
What is systolic blood pressure? - ✔️✔️amount of pressure generated by the left
ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each CONTRACTION of the heart
, What is diastolic blood pressure? - ✔️✔️amount of pressure against the arterial walls
during RELAXATION of the heart
What is the equation for MAP? - ✔️✔️2(diastolic) + systolic / 3
What is the minimum the MAP can be to maintain adequate perfusion? - ✔️✔️no less
than 60
What is another name for orthostatic changes? - ✔️✔️postural hypotension
A decrease of more than 20 mmHg systolic or more than 10 mmHg diastolic pressure
with an increase in heart rate - ✔️✔️orthostatic change
What is the equation for cardiac output? - ✔️✔️CO = HR x SV
What is preload? - ✔️✔️the heart is being stretched out
What does preload reflect? - ✔️✔️how much fluid is in the heart
What is afterload? - ✔️✔️resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood
Example of increased preload - ✔️✔️CHF
Example of increased afterload - ✔️✔️hypertension
How do you measure orthostatic changes? - ✔️✔️Check blood pressure in the
following order: after laying supine for 3 minutes, after sitting for 1 minute and standing
**Keep cuff in same place**
What precautions are important for a patient experiencing orthostatic changes? -
✔️✔️fall
Who is at risk for orthostatic changes? - ✔️✔️prolonged bed rest, medications,
dehydration, volume depletion, autonomic nervous system disorders
Cardiovascular assessment - ✔️✔️general apperance, skin, weight, edema,
extremities, blood pressure
Markers of myocardial damage - ✔️✔️troponin, creatinine kinase, CKMB, myoglobin,
serum lipids, homocystine levels
Normal lipid levels - ✔️✔️Total cholesterol <200mg/dL, LDL (Cardiac pt) <70/dL, LDL
(Non-Cardiac pt) <130/, HDL >40mg/dL, Triglycerides <150mg/dL
Cardiovascular
What is a normal ejection fraction? - ✔️✔️55-65%
What are the contraindications for cardiac catherization? - ✔️✔️due to use of dye -
renal failure/insufficiency (cret >1.5) or metformin use in the last 48 hours
Why is a cardiac catherization conducted? - ✔️✔️blockage in coronary arteries
All rythm issues are ____________ related - ✔️✔️electrical/conduction
P Wave - ✔️✔️atrial contraction / atrial depolarization
QRS complex - ✔️✔️ventricular contraction / ventricular depolarization
T Wave - ✔️✔️ventricular relaxation/ ventricular repolarization
In order for a ryhtm to be sinus it must have: - ✔️✔️orginating from the sinus node with
a normal P, QRS and T segment AND be between 60-100 bpm
Sinus bradycardia - ✔️✔️originating from the sinus node, normal segments but slower ;
rate less than 60 bpm
Symptomatic bradycardia - ✔️✔️dizzy, faint, lightheaded, diophoretic, hypotensive
Emergency treatment of bradycardia - ✔️✔️atropine 0.5 - 1mg IV
Sinus tachycardia - ✔️✔️originates from sinus node, contains all the segments but is
fast; rate > 100bpm
Causes of tachycardia - ✔️✔️fever, pain, dehydration, hyperthyroid, anxiety, energy
drinks, medications, illicit drugs
What is blood pressure? - ✔️✔️force of blood against vessel walls
What is systolic blood pressure? - ✔️✔️amount of pressure generated by the left
ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each CONTRACTION of the heart
, What is diastolic blood pressure? - ✔️✔️amount of pressure against the arterial walls
during RELAXATION of the heart
What is the equation for MAP? - ✔️✔️2(diastolic) + systolic / 3
What is the minimum the MAP can be to maintain adequate perfusion? - ✔️✔️no less
than 60
What is another name for orthostatic changes? - ✔️✔️postural hypotension
A decrease of more than 20 mmHg systolic or more than 10 mmHg diastolic pressure
with an increase in heart rate - ✔️✔️orthostatic change
What is the equation for cardiac output? - ✔️✔️CO = HR x SV
What is preload? - ✔️✔️the heart is being stretched out
What does preload reflect? - ✔️✔️how much fluid is in the heart
What is afterload? - ✔️✔️resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood
Example of increased preload - ✔️✔️CHF
Example of increased afterload - ✔️✔️hypertension
How do you measure orthostatic changes? - ✔️✔️Check blood pressure in the
following order: after laying supine for 3 minutes, after sitting for 1 minute and standing
**Keep cuff in same place**
What precautions are important for a patient experiencing orthostatic changes? -
✔️✔️fall
Who is at risk for orthostatic changes? - ✔️✔️prolonged bed rest, medications,
dehydration, volume depletion, autonomic nervous system disorders
Cardiovascular assessment - ✔️✔️general apperance, skin, weight, edema,
extremities, blood pressure
Markers of myocardial damage - ✔️✔️troponin, creatinine kinase, CKMB, myoglobin,
serum lipids, homocystine levels
Normal lipid levels - ✔️✔️Total cholesterol <200mg/dL, LDL (Cardiac pt) <70/dL, LDL
(Non-Cardiac pt) <130/, HDL >40mg/dL, Triglycerides <150mg/dL
