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NSG 533 ADV PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 2026 REAL QUESTIONS WITH
EXPERTLY VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Stage 3 CKD - correct answer -Moderate decrease in GFR: 15-29
Albuminuria A2 30-300
EPO deficiency, anemia, increased creatinine and urea, mild
hypertension
Stage 4 CKD - correct answer -Severe decrease in GFR 15-29
Albuminuria 30-300 A3 >300
Increased triglycerides, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia,
salt/water retention, increasing creatinine and urea
moderate hypertension, hyperphosphatemia, anemia
Stage 5 CKD - correct answer -End stage kidney disease, kidney
failure
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GFR<15
Albuminuria 30-300 A3>300
Uremia, severe hypertension, hyperphosphatemia, anemia
How is CKD related to anemia? - correct answer -Decreased EPO
production by kidneys (RBC production factor)
Decreased RBC lifespan (70-80 days; d/t uremic environment)
Abnormal iron metabolism d/t chronic inflammation/low EPO
How is CKD related to osteodystropohy? - correct answer -
Decreased vitamin D conversion to calcitriol (active form) causes
decreased absorption of calcium
Decreased renal phosphate excretion causes phosphate to bind
with calcium to about hyperphosphatemia
Low calcium stimulates PTH release, which causes bone
resorption and calcium release weakening and deforming bones
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Extra calcium in the bloodstream cause calcifications
Metabolic acidosis from CKD causes even more Ca2+ to be
released
Glomerular disease - correct answer -Nephrotic or nephritic
Can lead to AKI and slowly turns into CKD if unnoticed
Nephrotic syndrome - correct answer -Excretion > 3.5g protein in
urine per day due to filtration membrane destruction and loss of
negative charge
low serum albumin, edema, high lipids
Many causes: ie diabetic neuropathy
Nephritic syndrome - correct answer -Hematuria with RBC casts
Low UOP, subnephrotic proteinuria, hypertension
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Due to attack of glomerulus by immune system, usually strep —>
acute post infectious glomerulonephritis or lupus nephritis
Kidney functions - correct answer -Filter the blood -balance fluids
and electrolytes
-acid-base
-excrete waste products
Endocrine functions
-vitamin D to calcitriol
-erythropoietin (RBC production, recycles iron)
-renin (angiotensin II production)
Renal blood flow RBF - correct answer -1-1.2 L/min
Serum creatinine - correct answer -0.7-1.2 mg/dL
-muscle metabolism
-protein / supplements
NSG 533 ADV PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 2026 REAL QUESTIONS WITH
EXPERTLY VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Stage 3 CKD - correct answer -Moderate decrease in GFR: 15-29
Albuminuria A2 30-300
EPO deficiency, anemia, increased creatinine and urea, mild
hypertension
Stage 4 CKD - correct answer -Severe decrease in GFR 15-29
Albuminuria 30-300 A3 >300
Increased triglycerides, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia,
salt/water retention, increasing creatinine and urea
moderate hypertension, hyperphosphatemia, anemia
Stage 5 CKD - correct answer -End stage kidney disease, kidney
failure
, Page | 2
GFR<15
Albuminuria 30-300 A3>300
Uremia, severe hypertension, hyperphosphatemia, anemia
How is CKD related to anemia? - correct answer -Decreased EPO
production by kidneys (RBC production factor)
Decreased RBC lifespan (70-80 days; d/t uremic environment)
Abnormal iron metabolism d/t chronic inflammation/low EPO
How is CKD related to osteodystropohy? - correct answer -
Decreased vitamin D conversion to calcitriol (active form) causes
decreased absorption of calcium
Decreased renal phosphate excretion causes phosphate to bind
with calcium to about hyperphosphatemia
Low calcium stimulates PTH release, which causes bone
resorption and calcium release weakening and deforming bones
, Page | 3
Extra calcium in the bloodstream cause calcifications
Metabolic acidosis from CKD causes even more Ca2+ to be
released
Glomerular disease - correct answer -Nephrotic or nephritic
Can lead to AKI and slowly turns into CKD if unnoticed
Nephrotic syndrome - correct answer -Excretion > 3.5g protein in
urine per day due to filtration membrane destruction and loss of
negative charge
low serum albumin, edema, high lipids
Many causes: ie diabetic neuropathy
Nephritic syndrome - correct answer -Hematuria with RBC casts
Low UOP, subnephrotic proteinuria, hypertension
, Page | 4
Due to attack of glomerulus by immune system, usually strep —>
acute post infectious glomerulonephritis or lupus nephritis
Kidney functions - correct answer -Filter the blood -balance fluids
and electrolytes
-acid-base
-excrete waste products
Endocrine functions
-vitamin D to calcitriol
-erythropoietin (RBC production, recycles iron)
-renin (angiotensin II production)
Renal blood flow RBF - correct answer -1-1.2 L/min
Serum creatinine - correct answer -0.7-1.2 mg/dL
-muscle metabolism
-protein / supplements
