HHD UNIT 3 AOS 2 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Changes in life expectancy - Answers Women are expected to live longer than men
Over time, life expectancy has increased significantly
Why has life expectancy increased? - Answers changing population (low fertility rates + ageing),
increased access to healthcare (accessible, affordable), decrease in mortality rates (U5MR, IMR),
newer technology (screens, MRI, medication)
Why have mortality rates decreased? - Answers immunisation/vaccines, better quality of life (health
advice, SIDS, maternal health services, housing, environment, public facilities, sanitation), newer
technology and medication (diagnostic tech., hospitals), better detection of illness (e.g. cancer)
Why have infectious diseases decreased? - Answers improved immune systems, improved sanitation
and cleaning habits, reduced food contamination of food and water supplies (tuberculosis and
diarrhoea), reduced transfer of disease, improved living conditions
Old public health - Answers focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of
disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved
housing conditions and better work conditions
Public Health - Answers The way governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and
prevent disease
impact of old public health on health status - Answers better living conditions (less deaths to
infectious disease), better ventilation (less rates of respiratory disease - influenza + pneumonia),
improved nutrition (better immune system, cholesterol), improved sanitation (less deaths due to
diarrhoea and cholera), decreased mortality rates (increased life expectancy and reduced IMR)
Old public health policies + practices - Answers - improved water and sanitation
- Better quality housing and fewer slums
- Better quality food and nutrition
- Quarantine laws
- Safer working conditions
- More hygienic birthing practices
- Provision of antenatal and infant welfare services
- mass immunisation
Mass vaccination program impact on health status - Answers ↓ morbidity and morality, ↓ U5MR, ↓
IMR, ↓ HALE
of tuberculosis, smallpox, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, flu
Old public health - policy vs practice - Answers Quarantine Laws = border security, new laws
antenatal and infant welfare services = child health records, compulsory GP, nutrition
Implementation of campaigns = spread of disease, smoking, nutrition, driving, violence
Health research and data = diagnostics, funding and trials
Health promotion - Answers the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve,
their health
Policy - Answers introduction of multiple campaigns
Practice - Answers people choosing to change their habits
Biomedical approach to health - Answers focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and
illness. It is a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the
diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
Characteristics of Biomedical approach - Answers - Aims to maintain life
- Focuses on individuals who are ill
- Relies heavily on technology to diagnose, treat and cure disease
- Quick-fix approach and doesn't address reasons
- Relies on services provided by health professionals
- Involves diagnosing and treating illnesses once symptoms are present
- Works to return a person to their pre-illness state
- Concerned with the physical aspects of illness, disease and disability
Advantages of biomedical approach - Answers - extends life expectancy
- not all illness can be prevented
- improvements in technology and research
- effectively treated
Disadvantages of biomedical approach - Answers - relies on professionals
, - doesn't always promote good health
- not every condition can be treated
- heavy reliance on professionals can lead to mistakes
- A band-aid approach - doesn't address why
new public health - Answers an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual
behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political
environments impact on health. Also referred to as the social model of health.
Principles of the social model of health - Answers - Addresses the broader determinants of health
- Involves intersectoral collaboration
- Acts to reduce social inequities
- Acts to enable access to health care
- Empowers individuals and communities
Advantages of the social model of health - Answers - it promotes good health and wellbeing and
assists in preventing diseases.
- it is relatively inexpensive.
- it focuses on vulnerable population groups.
- education can be passed on from generation to generation.
- the responsibility for health and wellbeing is shared
Disadvantages of the social model of health - Answers - Not every condition can be prevented
- It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge
- It does not address the health concerns of individuals
- Health promotion messages may be ignored
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion - Answers An approach to health development by the World
Health Organization which attempts to reduce inequalities in health.
3 strategies that make the Ottawa charter - Answers Advocate, enable and mediate
Advocate (Ottawa Charter) - Answers Actions that seek to gain support from the Government and
societies to make a change - acts to support a group of individuals
Enable (Ottawa Charter) - Answers Give knowledge and information for those who experience poorer
health status to reduce inequality
Mediate (Ottawa Charter) - Answers Bringing people with different views together so they work to
achieve a common goal - resolve their conflicts to produce outcomes
Action areas of the Ottawa Charter - Answers Bad Cats Smell Dirty Rats
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Reorient health services
Build Healthy Public Policy - Answers Relates directly to the decisions made by government and
organisations in relation to laws and policies that affect health (e.g. smoking ban, smoking tax,
seatbelt)
Create supportive environments - Answers A supportive environment that is safe, stimulating,
satisfying and enjoyable helps people practice health behaviours (e.g. provision of shade in school
playgrounds, QUITline)
Strengthen community action - Answers Focuses on building links between individuals and the
community and centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal (E.g. The
central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Immunisation program)
Develop personal skills - Answers Providing opportunities for people to develop knowledge and skills
that give them greater control over their health. Education is a strong element of this area. (e.g. Learn
how to cook a nutritious meal, Pour a standard drink, talking to reduce conflict)
Reorient health services - Answers Switch the focus from focusing on just the biomedical model to a
more preventative health care model, which encourages medical professionals to place a stronger
focus on health promotion by taking on the role of the educator (e.g. address healthy eating rather
than surgery for CVD)
health system - Answers all activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain
health
Elements of a health system - Answers - Funding models
- A professional and well-trained workforce
Changes in life expectancy - Answers Women are expected to live longer than men
Over time, life expectancy has increased significantly
Why has life expectancy increased? - Answers changing population (low fertility rates + ageing),
increased access to healthcare (accessible, affordable), decrease in mortality rates (U5MR, IMR),
newer technology (screens, MRI, medication)
Why have mortality rates decreased? - Answers immunisation/vaccines, better quality of life (health
advice, SIDS, maternal health services, housing, environment, public facilities, sanitation), newer
technology and medication (diagnostic tech., hospitals), better detection of illness (e.g. cancer)
Why have infectious diseases decreased? - Answers improved immune systems, improved sanitation
and cleaning habits, reduced food contamination of food and water supplies (tuberculosis and
diarrhoea), reduced transfer of disease, improved living conditions
Old public health - Answers focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of
disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved
housing conditions and better work conditions
Public Health - Answers The way governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and
prevent disease
impact of old public health on health status - Answers better living conditions (less deaths to
infectious disease), better ventilation (less rates of respiratory disease - influenza + pneumonia),
improved nutrition (better immune system, cholesterol), improved sanitation (less deaths due to
diarrhoea and cholera), decreased mortality rates (increased life expectancy and reduced IMR)
Old public health policies + practices - Answers - improved water and sanitation
- Better quality housing and fewer slums
- Better quality food and nutrition
- Quarantine laws
- Safer working conditions
- More hygienic birthing practices
- Provision of antenatal and infant welfare services
- mass immunisation
Mass vaccination program impact on health status - Answers ↓ morbidity and morality, ↓ U5MR, ↓
IMR, ↓ HALE
of tuberculosis, smallpox, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, flu
Old public health - policy vs practice - Answers Quarantine Laws = border security, new laws
antenatal and infant welfare services = child health records, compulsory GP, nutrition
Implementation of campaigns = spread of disease, smoking, nutrition, driving, violence
Health research and data = diagnostics, funding and trials
Health promotion - Answers the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve,
their health
Policy - Answers introduction of multiple campaigns
Practice - Answers people choosing to change their habits
Biomedical approach to health - Answers focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and
illness. It is a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the
diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
Characteristics of Biomedical approach - Answers - Aims to maintain life
- Focuses on individuals who are ill
- Relies heavily on technology to diagnose, treat and cure disease
- Quick-fix approach and doesn't address reasons
- Relies on services provided by health professionals
- Involves diagnosing and treating illnesses once symptoms are present
- Works to return a person to their pre-illness state
- Concerned with the physical aspects of illness, disease and disability
Advantages of biomedical approach - Answers - extends life expectancy
- not all illness can be prevented
- improvements in technology and research
- effectively treated
Disadvantages of biomedical approach - Answers - relies on professionals
, - doesn't always promote good health
- not every condition can be treated
- heavy reliance on professionals can lead to mistakes
- A band-aid approach - doesn't address why
new public health - Answers an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual
behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political
environments impact on health. Also referred to as the social model of health.
Principles of the social model of health - Answers - Addresses the broader determinants of health
- Involves intersectoral collaboration
- Acts to reduce social inequities
- Acts to enable access to health care
- Empowers individuals and communities
Advantages of the social model of health - Answers - it promotes good health and wellbeing and
assists in preventing diseases.
- it is relatively inexpensive.
- it focuses on vulnerable population groups.
- education can be passed on from generation to generation.
- the responsibility for health and wellbeing is shared
Disadvantages of the social model of health - Answers - Not every condition can be prevented
- It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge
- It does not address the health concerns of individuals
- Health promotion messages may be ignored
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion - Answers An approach to health development by the World
Health Organization which attempts to reduce inequalities in health.
3 strategies that make the Ottawa charter - Answers Advocate, enable and mediate
Advocate (Ottawa Charter) - Answers Actions that seek to gain support from the Government and
societies to make a change - acts to support a group of individuals
Enable (Ottawa Charter) - Answers Give knowledge and information for those who experience poorer
health status to reduce inequality
Mediate (Ottawa Charter) - Answers Bringing people with different views together so they work to
achieve a common goal - resolve their conflicts to produce outcomes
Action areas of the Ottawa Charter - Answers Bad Cats Smell Dirty Rats
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Reorient health services
Build Healthy Public Policy - Answers Relates directly to the decisions made by government and
organisations in relation to laws and policies that affect health (e.g. smoking ban, smoking tax,
seatbelt)
Create supportive environments - Answers A supportive environment that is safe, stimulating,
satisfying and enjoyable helps people practice health behaviours (e.g. provision of shade in school
playgrounds, QUITline)
Strengthen community action - Answers Focuses on building links between individuals and the
community and centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal (E.g. The
central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Immunisation program)
Develop personal skills - Answers Providing opportunities for people to develop knowledge and skills
that give them greater control over their health. Education is a strong element of this area. (e.g. Learn
how to cook a nutritious meal, Pour a standard drink, talking to reduce conflict)
Reorient health services - Answers Switch the focus from focusing on just the biomedical model to a
more preventative health care model, which encourages medical professionals to place a stronger
focus on health promotion by taking on the role of the educator (e.g. address healthy eating rather
than surgery for CVD)
health system - Answers all activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain
health
Elements of a health system - Answers - Funding models
- A professional and well-trained workforce
