NGR 6140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions
With Complete Solutions
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI Correct Answers prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation Correct Answers -
increased movement of free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to
phospholipids resulting in the preferential conversion of the fatty
acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's
toxic effects
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. Correct Answers C
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in
the country and 1,000 people contract the disease yearly. The
population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence
is .02%.
,b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is
10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data Correct Answers A
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps
and has lost all his equipment and supplies in an avalanche.
Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the
following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above Correct Answers C
abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation Correct
Answers -endogenous: product of abnormal metabolism
synthesis
-exogenous: infectious agent or material
acute tubular necrosis Correct Answers damage to the renal
tubules due to presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle
cerebral artery. The brain tissue supplied by this artery becomes
hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces
oxygen content in the blood
,d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia Correct
Answers A
Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway Correct Answers -healthy
cell - protein Bcl-2 on surface - inhibits apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where
it inhibits protective effect of Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes
in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
apoptosis Correct Answers -event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination
of individual cells
Apoptosis death-receptor pathway Correct Answers -Fas and
TNF receptor are integral membrane proteins with their receptor
domains exposed at the surface of the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF)
transmits a signal to the cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
-phagocytosis of cell
, apoptosis-inducing Correct Answers -neurons have another way
to self-destruct that does not use caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane
space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
-migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
Atrophy Correct Answers Decrease or shrinkage in cellular
size.Most common in skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex
organs, and brain.
calculate the anion gap Correct Answers AG = (Na + K) - (Cl +
HCO3)
calculation for corrected serum sodium Correct Answers G=
(pt. glucose - 100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
calculation for ideal TBW Correct Answers (current Na X
TBW)/140
Calculation for serum osmolality Correct Answers OSM = 2 X
[sodium concentration] + [glucose concentration/18] +
[BUN/2.8]
With Complete Solutions
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI Correct Answers prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation Correct Answers -
increased movement of free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to
phospholipids resulting in the preferential conversion of the fatty
acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's
toxic effects
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. Correct Answers C
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in
the country and 1,000 people contract the disease yearly. The
population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence
is .02%.
,b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is
10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data Correct Answers A
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps
and has lost all his equipment and supplies in an avalanche.
Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the
following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above Correct Answers C
abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation Correct
Answers -endogenous: product of abnormal metabolism
synthesis
-exogenous: infectious agent or material
acute tubular necrosis Correct Answers damage to the renal
tubules due to presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle
cerebral artery. The brain tissue supplied by this artery becomes
hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces
oxygen content in the blood
,d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia Correct
Answers A
Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway Correct Answers -healthy
cell - protein Bcl-2 on surface - inhibits apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where
it inhibits protective effect of Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes
in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
apoptosis Correct Answers -event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination
of individual cells
Apoptosis death-receptor pathway Correct Answers -Fas and
TNF receptor are integral membrane proteins with their receptor
domains exposed at the surface of the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF)
transmits a signal to the cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
-phagocytosis of cell
, apoptosis-inducing Correct Answers -neurons have another way
to self-destruct that does not use caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane
space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
-migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
Atrophy Correct Answers Decrease or shrinkage in cellular
size.Most common in skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex
organs, and brain.
calculate the anion gap Correct Answers AG = (Na + K) - (Cl +
HCO3)
calculation for corrected serum sodium Correct Answers G=
(pt. glucose - 100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
calculation for ideal TBW Correct Answers (current Na X
TBW)/140
Calculation for serum osmolality Correct Answers OSM = 2 X
[sodium concentration] + [glucose concentration/18] +
[BUN/2.8]
