Advanced Pathophysiology Exam #1 Questions With
Complete Solutions
"Genomics" the NEW Genetics Correct Answers 1. Human
Genome Project [2003]
a. Study of the whole genome of an organism/population
b. Includes genomes of Complex, multifaceted Disease such as
HTN or Diabetes mellitus
2. Public Health Implication
*The result of multifaceted genes and chromosomes that have
been altered in a particular person
*Effector proteins* = *action* Correct Answers *Effector
proteins* = *action*
Three types:
Channel, Cytoskeletal, Enzymes
*Mediated Active and Passive transport* Correct Answers A.
Passive Mediated requires no ATP : Glucose in RBCs requires
protein transporter)
B. Active Mediated requires ATP: ions cross influenced by
chemical or electrical gradients -electrochemical gradients
*Pressure Gradients/Fluid Movement*
A. At arterial Level: Correct Answers A. Heart pump =
32mmHg force
Albumin pressure = -22mm oncotic pressure - sponge
Pressure difference +10 mm Hg ..fluid leaves the vascular tree
,*Pressure Gradients/Fluid Movement* At capillary Level
Correct Answers B. Heart pump = 12 mm Hg - Less force
Albumin force = 22 mm Hg
Pressure difference -10 mm Hg..fluid returns to vascular tree
- Fluid by osmotic pressure is brought back into the vascular
space.
•*Methods to Terminate Free Radicals* Correct Answers 1.
Antioxidants - vitamins)
•Vitamin E, C -Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, walnuts
•2. Enzymes in the body
To prevent aging you would have to control or limit the amount
of free radicals produced in the body.
A Little bit of Spice Correct Answers 1. That .1% accounts for:
a. all the variations
b. Phenotypes : height, weight, skin color, eye color
c. Genomics
d. Multifactorial -Inheritance
e. Diseases
2. Response to Environment and Treatment
ABO System: A, B Correct Answers 1. Two major antigens A
&B
2. IgM isohemagglutinin = natural occurring antibody
3. A = A antigen with anti-B antibodies
4. B = B antigen with anti-A antibodies
ABO System: AB, O Correct Answers 5. AB = A& B antigens
with no antibodies = universal recipient
6. O = no antigens with anti A & anti B antibodies =
,universal donor
Antibodies are IgM in class and called isohemagglutinins
Acids Correct Answers -Have the ability to Donate H+ ions
-HCl can dissociate to H+ and Cl-
-very unstable at this time
-looks for ionic charges to complete the positive/negative and
balance
Acquired Deficiencies continued Correct Answers Malignancy,
Stress, Malnutrition, Aging, Diabetes, Alcoholic cirrhosis,
Sickle cell anemia
Immunosupressive treatment, Anesthesia
Acquired Deficiencies Correct Answers 1. Develops after birth
& is not related to genetic defects
2. Conditions Known to be Associated with Acquired
Deficiencies -suppressed immune system: Pregnancy {early
phase], Infancy, Infections, Down Syndrome.
Acquired Immunity continued - active / passive acquired Correct
Answers 1. Active Acquired: Antibodies are mass produced by
the host, after either natural exposure or immunization
2. Passive Acquired: Does not involve the host's immune
response, Antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred directly:
Maternal transfer
Acquired Immunity, Active, Passive immunity Correct Answers
3. Acquired Immunity: Result of the immune response
4. Active: immune components produced by host
, 5. Passive: immune components produced by donor - Birth
process carries around antigens from mother
Acquired Immunodeficincy Syndrome [AIDS] Correct Answers
1. Viral disease caused by Human immunodeficiency virus
2. Incidence =40 million worldwide
a. 2.5 million <15 years of age
b. Majority in sub-Sahara Africa, in US incidence is stable
3. Etiology : Simian immunodeficiency virus in primates
a. Diversified beginning in 1931 :Types I and 2
b. Replicate using Reverse transcriptase to co-opt RNA
Integrase to insert new DNA into genes
4. Manifestation
a. Decreased CD4+ cells
Activation of Complement C1 Correct Answers It takes two
IgG molecules to activate one complement component. Cannot
occur unless the antigen - antibody have occurred placing two
molecules at close proximity, then the complement component
can span the gap between the two.
Active transport Correct Answers requires energy
primary requires ATP directly
secondary involves co-transport or counter-transport
Aging / Thymus, T cells Correct Answers 1. Thymus decreases
in size to only 15% by 45-50 years of age
2. Numbers of T cell do not decrease
3. Function of T cells & macrophages deteriorates
4. May see delayed or decreased hypersensitivity response.
5. Diminished immunity conferred by immunization.
Complete Solutions
"Genomics" the NEW Genetics Correct Answers 1. Human
Genome Project [2003]
a. Study of the whole genome of an organism/population
b. Includes genomes of Complex, multifaceted Disease such as
HTN or Diabetes mellitus
2. Public Health Implication
*The result of multifaceted genes and chromosomes that have
been altered in a particular person
*Effector proteins* = *action* Correct Answers *Effector
proteins* = *action*
Three types:
Channel, Cytoskeletal, Enzymes
*Mediated Active and Passive transport* Correct Answers A.
Passive Mediated requires no ATP : Glucose in RBCs requires
protein transporter)
B. Active Mediated requires ATP: ions cross influenced by
chemical or electrical gradients -electrochemical gradients
*Pressure Gradients/Fluid Movement*
A. At arterial Level: Correct Answers A. Heart pump =
32mmHg force
Albumin pressure = -22mm oncotic pressure - sponge
Pressure difference +10 mm Hg ..fluid leaves the vascular tree
,*Pressure Gradients/Fluid Movement* At capillary Level
Correct Answers B. Heart pump = 12 mm Hg - Less force
Albumin force = 22 mm Hg
Pressure difference -10 mm Hg..fluid returns to vascular tree
- Fluid by osmotic pressure is brought back into the vascular
space.
•*Methods to Terminate Free Radicals* Correct Answers 1.
Antioxidants - vitamins)
•Vitamin E, C -Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, walnuts
•2. Enzymes in the body
To prevent aging you would have to control or limit the amount
of free radicals produced in the body.
A Little bit of Spice Correct Answers 1. That .1% accounts for:
a. all the variations
b. Phenotypes : height, weight, skin color, eye color
c. Genomics
d. Multifactorial -Inheritance
e. Diseases
2. Response to Environment and Treatment
ABO System: A, B Correct Answers 1. Two major antigens A
&B
2. IgM isohemagglutinin = natural occurring antibody
3. A = A antigen with anti-B antibodies
4. B = B antigen with anti-A antibodies
ABO System: AB, O Correct Answers 5. AB = A& B antigens
with no antibodies = universal recipient
6. O = no antigens with anti A & anti B antibodies =
,universal donor
Antibodies are IgM in class and called isohemagglutinins
Acids Correct Answers -Have the ability to Donate H+ ions
-HCl can dissociate to H+ and Cl-
-very unstable at this time
-looks for ionic charges to complete the positive/negative and
balance
Acquired Deficiencies continued Correct Answers Malignancy,
Stress, Malnutrition, Aging, Diabetes, Alcoholic cirrhosis,
Sickle cell anemia
Immunosupressive treatment, Anesthesia
Acquired Deficiencies Correct Answers 1. Develops after birth
& is not related to genetic defects
2. Conditions Known to be Associated with Acquired
Deficiencies -suppressed immune system: Pregnancy {early
phase], Infancy, Infections, Down Syndrome.
Acquired Immunity continued - active / passive acquired Correct
Answers 1. Active Acquired: Antibodies are mass produced by
the host, after either natural exposure or immunization
2. Passive Acquired: Does not involve the host's immune
response, Antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred directly:
Maternal transfer
Acquired Immunity, Active, Passive immunity Correct Answers
3. Acquired Immunity: Result of the immune response
4. Active: immune components produced by host
, 5. Passive: immune components produced by donor - Birth
process carries around antigens from mother
Acquired Immunodeficincy Syndrome [AIDS] Correct Answers
1. Viral disease caused by Human immunodeficiency virus
2. Incidence =40 million worldwide
a. 2.5 million <15 years of age
b. Majority in sub-Sahara Africa, in US incidence is stable
3. Etiology : Simian immunodeficiency virus in primates
a. Diversified beginning in 1931 :Types I and 2
b. Replicate using Reverse transcriptase to co-opt RNA
Integrase to insert new DNA into genes
4. Manifestation
a. Decreased CD4+ cells
Activation of Complement C1 Correct Answers It takes two
IgG molecules to activate one complement component. Cannot
occur unless the antigen - antibody have occurred placing two
molecules at close proximity, then the complement component
can span the gap between the two.
Active transport Correct Answers requires energy
primary requires ATP directly
secondary involves co-transport or counter-transport
Aging / Thymus, T cells Correct Answers 1. Thymus decreases
in size to only 15% by 45-50 years of age
2. Numbers of T cell do not decrease
3. Function of T cells & macrophages deteriorates
4. May see delayed or decreased hypersensitivity response.
5. Diminished immunity conferred by immunization.
