Penis: Male Reproductive organ
Seminal vesicle
Function: (Feeds the sperms)
I
•Secretes a nutrient-rich fluid
that that provides energy for
A
the sperm cells Urethra
Function
Prostate gland
Function:Produces an alkaline
H
•fluid, that neutralises the acid • Transports semen and urine out of the body
vaginal fluid. Also, increases
the motility sperms
Function:
Cowper’s gland
G
•Produces mucus that helps with Penis (Copulator)
the movement of sperm B Functions
Vas deferens (Sperm duct) F • Copulation
Function:
•Transports sperm from the • Deposits semen in the vagina
epididymis to the urethra
When cut = Vasectomy
(result: No sperms in semen)
Epididymis E C Scrotum
Function: Explain the functions of C
Spermatogenesis:
•Part where sperm cells mature Under the influence of testosterone. Diploid cells in the
and are stored • Protects the testes
Testis D
germinal (layer) cells in the seminiferous tubules of
the testes undergo meiosis • To keep the testes at a temperature that is lower
Produces sperms (Spermatogenesis) to form haploid sperm cells than body temperature / optimum temperature for
(By cell division-meiosis) sperm production, which is necessary to produce
and testosterone (Male hormone) healthy sperm / so that healthy sperms can survive
Explain the consequences for reproduction if part D is found inside the body. (3) Draw a labelled diagram of a sperm cell
Tail Body Head
• Body temperature of 37oC is too high for optimal sperm production. Tail - Used for swimming Nucleus - Contains 23
chromosomes
• High temperature will lead to the formation of unhealthy sperms, (meiosis)
• Reducing the chance/s of reproduction (fertilisation).
NB: Examiner might give a scenario… i.e. Man wearing tight underwear/pants Mitochondrion Acrosome
Man sitting on a couch for a long time, watching TV Supplies energy for Secretes enzymes to digest wall
(In both situations, the testes are pulled against the body, increasing the temperature) Moving (swimming) sperms of egg cell for fertilisation
, THE EAR Explain the consequences for hearing if the structures labelled D are fused
• The ossicles/structures will not be able to vibrate
Functions • and hence no vibrations will be passed to the inner ear
Transmits vibrations
• • Cochlea will not be stimulated
to the oval window
•Amplifies sounds • No amplification will occur
Tympanic membrane/Tympanum (Eardrum) C Adaptation: Made from
Function: Vibrates and converts sound waves bone… carry vibrations E Semi-circular Explain how part E and part F helps to maintain balance
into vibrations; Pass vibrations to ossicles D Ossicles (Cristae - balance) 1. The cristae in the semi-circular (E) canals are stimulated by changes in the
Adaptations direction and speed of movement
•Thin membrane which can vibrate F Sacculus and Utriculus 2. The maculae in the sacculus and utriculus (F) are stimulated by changes in
and assists in amplification of sound (Maculae - balance) the position of the head.
• When stimulated, the cristae and maculae convert the stimuli received into
Ear canal B nerve impulses. The nerve impulses are transported along the auditory nerve
Function:Directs sound waves to the to the cerebellum to be interpreted. The cerebellum then sends impulses to
tympanic membrane/tympanum the muscles to restore balance
(eardrum) Explain the consequences for hearing if part G is
G Auditory Nerve
Pinna A damaged
(Sensory neuron)
Function:Directs sound waves Oval window K Transmit impulses from the cochlea to •Auditory nerve (G) won’t be able to transmit
to the tympanic membrane Function:Coverts sound the cerebrum (hearing) and semi-circular impulses to the cerebrum
Adaptations: vibrations into pressure canals to the cerebellum (balance) •Cerebrum won’t be able to interpret the
• Grooved-directs sound waves waves. Helps amplification H Cochlea impulses
Round windowJ Contains the hearing receptors •The person won’t be able to hear
• Situated on the outside called Organ of Corti .
to capture maximum sound Function:Release/absorb
waves pressure waves to I Eustachian tube
prevent internal ear (Connects the Mouth to the middle ear ) Explain the consequences of a blockage in part I
echo. Functions • Blockage of the Eustachian tube which will not
Equalise pressure on either side of the be able to equalise the pressure in the middle ear
• tympanic membrane/eardrum
• resulting in pressure on the tympanic
• Drains moisture from the middle ear membrane
• that may cause the tympanic membrane to
HEARING DEFECTS: burst - leading to hearing loss
Hearing defect Causes Treatment Describe how hearing occurs.
Middle ear • Excess fluid in the middle ear • Antibiotics • Sound waves are directed into the auditory canal by the pinna.
infection caused by pathogen infection • Inserting grommets in the • The sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate and the vibrations are passed
tympanic membranes on to the ossicles in the middle ear.
Deafness • Injury to parts of the ear, • Hearing aids • The ossicles make the oval window vibrate and this causes pressure waves to be set up
nerves or parts of brain • Cochlear implants in the inner ear.
responsible for hearing • These vibrations also cause the organ of Corti to be stimulated and it generates
• Hardened wax • Hardening of impulses which are sent to the cerebrum along the auditory nerve.
ear tissues such as ossicles • The cerebrum interprets the impulses as sound.
, THE EYE Concave lenses
See nearby Surgery
Conjunctiva K objects clearly
A Sclera Convex lenses
Function: Protective function – protects the Functions:
See distant
objects clearly
eye from dust and infection-causing Surgery
• Protects the eye against damage
microorganisms
Bi-focal lenses
(continuation of sclera) Cornea J • Gives shape to the eyeball
Surgery
Function: Responsible for the refraction
Adaptation: Surgery (replace lens
(bending) of light rays
• It’s a tough membrane with synthetic lens)
Adaptation/s:
• Convex in shape – allows refraction
• Transparent – allows light to pass through
Adaptation B Choroid
Yellow SPOT Functions:
Iris I - Area containing lots of cones • Supply the eye with nutrients and oxygen
Function -Best image formed here
Controls the amount of light entering the
• eye / Changes the size of the pupil • Prevents (reduces) internal reflection of light
Aqueous
humour
---------Vitreous humour------------- Adaptation:
Pupil H
Blind SPOT • A dark coloured layer, rich in blood vessels
Function:Allows light to enter the eye
-No image forms here… No rods C Retina
Lens G
and cones are found here Function:
Function: Changes shape for near and
distant vision/Refract light to fall on the retina -Optic nerve leaves the eye at • Converts light stimuli into verve impulses
Adaptations: j the blind spot Adaptation: Contains the light-sensitive receptor cells,
• Bi-convex – Refracts light i.e. the rods (black and white) and cones (colour vision)
• Transparent membrane-allows light through D Optic nerve ( sensory neuron)
Suspensory ligaments F Function:
Function: Holds the lens in position Transmit impulses from the retina
Binocular vision: The ability to maintain visual focus on
Adaptation It is elastic to the cerebrum
an object with both eyes open
Ciliary muscle E Explain the consequences if this neuron is damaged
Function: Contracts and relax to change the Optic nerve won’t be able to transmit impulses to the
Importance of Binocular vision: It allows a person to •
shape (curvature) of the lens cerebrum, to be interpreted
judge distance and depth (enables 3D vision)
• Person won’t be able to see
ACCOMODATION: the adjustment (changing) of the
shape of the lens to see near of far objects clearly
Bright Dim (low light intensity)
Near vision Far/distant vision
-Circularl muscles -Radial muscles of
1. Ciliary muscle contract 1. Ciliary muscle relaxes of the iris relax the iris contract
3. Tension on the lens decrease 3. Tension on the lens increase -Radial muscles -Circular muscles of
4. Lens becomes more curved/convex 4. Lens becomes les convex / flatter of the iris contracts the iris relax
2. Suspensory ligaments slackens 2. Suspensory ligaments tighten -Pupil constricts - Pupil dilates
(becomes taut) Less light enters the eye More light enters eye
Seminal vesicle
Function: (Feeds the sperms)
I
•Secretes a nutrient-rich fluid
that that provides energy for
A
the sperm cells Urethra
Function
Prostate gland
Function:Produces an alkaline
H
•fluid, that neutralises the acid • Transports semen and urine out of the body
vaginal fluid. Also, increases
the motility sperms
Function:
Cowper’s gland
G
•Produces mucus that helps with Penis (Copulator)
the movement of sperm B Functions
Vas deferens (Sperm duct) F • Copulation
Function:
•Transports sperm from the • Deposits semen in the vagina
epididymis to the urethra
When cut = Vasectomy
(result: No sperms in semen)
Epididymis E C Scrotum
Function: Explain the functions of C
Spermatogenesis:
•Part where sperm cells mature Under the influence of testosterone. Diploid cells in the
and are stored • Protects the testes
Testis D
germinal (layer) cells in the seminiferous tubules of
the testes undergo meiosis • To keep the testes at a temperature that is lower
Produces sperms (Spermatogenesis) to form haploid sperm cells than body temperature / optimum temperature for
(By cell division-meiosis) sperm production, which is necessary to produce
and testosterone (Male hormone) healthy sperm / so that healthy sperms can survive
Explain the consequences for reproduction if part D is found inside the body. (3) Draw a labelled diagram of a sperm cell
Tail Body Head
• Body temperature of 37oC is too high for optimal sperm production. Tail - Used for swimming Nucleus - Contains 23
chromosomes
• High temperature will lead to the formation of unhealthy sperms, (meiosis)
• Reducing the chance/s of reproduction (fertilisation).
NB: Examiner might give a scenario… i.e. Man wearing tight underwear/pants Mitochondrion Acrosome
Man sitting on a couch for a long time, watching TV Supplies energy for Secretes enzymes to digest wall
(In both situations, the testes are pulled against the body, increasing the temperature) Moving (swimming) sperms of egg cell for fertilisation
, THE EAR Explain the consequences for hearing if the structures labelled D are fused
• The ossicles/structures will not be able to vibrate
Functions • and hence no vibrations will be passed to the inner ear
Transmits vibrations
• • Cochlea will not be stimulated
to the oval window
•Amplifies sounds • No amplification will occur
Tympanic membrane/Tympanum (Eardrum) C Adaptation: Made from
Function: Vibrates and converts sound waves bone… carry vibrations E Semi-circular Explain how part E and part F helps to maintain balance
into vibrations; Pass vibrations to ossicles D Ossicles (Cristae - balance) 1. The cristae in the semi-circular (E) canals are stimulated by changes in the
Adaptations direction and speed of movement
•Thin membrane which can vibrate F Sacculus and Utriculus 2. The maculae in the sacculus and utriculus (F) are stimulated by changes in
and assists in amplification of sound (Maculae - balance) the position of the head.
• When stimulated, the cristae and maculae convert the stimuli received into
Ear canal B nerve impulses. The nerve impulses are transported along the auditory nerve
Function:Directs sound waves to the to the cerebellum to be interpreted. The cerebellum then sends impulses to
tympanic membrane/tympanum the muscles to restore balance
(eardrum) Explain the consequences for hearing if part G is
G Auditory Nerve
Pinna A damaged
(Sensory neuron)
Function:Directs sound waves Oval window K Transmit impulses from the cochlea to •Auditory nerve (G) won’t be able to transmit
to the tympanic membrane Function:Coverts sound the cerebrum (hearing) and semi-circular impulses to the cerebrum
Adaptations: vibrations into pressure canals to the cerebellum (balance) •Cerebrum won’t be able to interpret the
• Grooved-directs sound waves waves. Helps amplification H Cochlea impulses
Round windowJ Contains the hearing receptors •The person won’t be able to hear
• Situated on the outside called Organ of Corti .
to capture maximum sound Function:Release/absorb
waves pressure waves to I Eustachian tube
prevent internal ear (Connects the Mouth to the middle ear ) Explain the consequences of a blockage in part I
echo. Functions • Blockage of the Eustachian tube which will not
Equalise pressure on either side of the be able to equalise the pressure in the middle ear
• tympanic membrane/eardrum
• resulting in pressure on the tympanic
• Drains moisture from the middle ear membrane
• that may cause the tympanic membrane to
HEARING DEFECTS: burst - leading to hearing loss
Hearing defect Causes Treatment Describe how hearing occurs.
Middle ear • Excess fluid in the middle ear • Antibiotics • Sound waves are directed into the auditory canal by the pinna.
infection caused by pathogen infection • Inserting grommets in the • The sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate and the vibrations are passed
tympanic membranes on to the ossicles in the middle ear.
Deafness • Injury to parts of the ear, • Hearing aids • The ossicles make the oval window vibrate and this causes pressure waves to be set up
nerves or parts of brain • Cochlear implants in the inner ear.
responsible for hearing • These vibrations also cause the organ of Corti to be stimulated and it generates
• Hardened wax • Hardening of impulses which are sent to the cerebrum along the auditory nerve.
ear tissues such as ossicles • The cerebrum interprets the impulses as sound.
, THE EYE Concave lenses
See nearby Surgery
Conjunctiva K objects clearly
A Sclera Convex lenses
Function: Protective function – protects the Functions:
See distant
objects clearly
eye from dust and infection-causing Surgery
• Protects the eye against damage
microorganisms
Bi-focal lenses
(continuation of sclera) Cornea J • Gives shape to the eyeball
Surgery
Function: Responsible for the refraction
Adaptation: Surgery (replace lens
(bending) of light rays
• It’s a tough membrane with synthetic lens)
Adaptation/s:
• Convex in shape – allows refraction
• Transparent – allows light to pass through
Adaptation B Choroid
Yellow SPOT Functions:
Iris I - Area containing lots of cones • Supply the eye with nutrients and oxygen
Function -Best image formed here
Controls the amount of light entering the
• eye / Changes the size of the pupil • Prevents (reduces) internal reflection of light
Aqueous
humour
---------Vitreous humour------------- Adaptation:
Pupil H
Blind SPOT • A dark coloured layer, rich in blood vessels
Function:Allows light to enter the eye
-No image forms here… No rods C Retina
Lens G
and cones are found here Function:
Function: Changes shape for near and
distant vision/Refract light to fall on the retina -Optic nerve leaves the eye at • Converts light stimuli into verve impulses
Adaptations: j the blind spot Adaptation: Contains the light-sensitive receptor cells,
• Bi-convex – Refracts light i.e. the rods (black and white) and cones (colour vision)
• Transparent membrane-allows light through D Optic nerve ( sensory neuron)
Suspensory ligaments F Function:
Function: Holds the lens in position Transmit impulses from the retina
Binocular vision: The ability to maintain visual focus on
Adaptation It is elastic to the cerebrum
an object with both eyes open
Ciliary muscle E Explain the consequences if this neuron is damaged
Function: Contracts and relax to change the Optic nerve won’t be able to transmit impulses to the
Importance of Binocular vision: It allows a person to •
shape (curvature) of the lens cerebrum, to be interpreted
judge distance and depth (enables 3D vision)
• Person won’t be able to see
ACCOMODATION: the adjustment (changing) of the
shape of the lens to see near of far objects clearly
Bright Dim (low light intensity)
Near vision Far/distant vision
-Circularl muscles -Radial muscles of
1. Ciliary muscle contract 1. Ciliary muscle relaxes of the iris relax the iris contract
3. Tension on the lens decrease 3. Tension on the lens increase -Radial muscles -Circular muscles of
4. Lens becomes more curved/convex 4. Lens becomes les convex / flatter of the iris contracts the iris relax
2. Suspensory ligaments slackens 2. Suspensory ligaments tighten -Pupil constricts - Pupil dilates
(becomes taut) Less light enters the eye More light enters eye
