✦
Basic English
Grammar
Complete Study Notes
Parts of Speech • Tenses • Sentence Structure
Articles • Pronouns • Punctuation • Common Errors
Includes examples, rules, tables & quick-reference tips
© Study Notes | For personal and educational use
, Table of Contents
Parts of Speech
1
Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs & more
Articles
2
A, An, The — when and how to use them
Tenses
3
Past, Present & Future — all 12 forms
Pronouns
4
Personal, Possessive, Reflexive & more
Sentence Structure
5
Subjects, Predicates, Clauses & Phrases
Punctuation
6
Commas, Apostrophes, Colons & beyond
Common Errors
7
Mistakes to avoid & how to fix them
, CHAPTER 1
Parts of Speech
The building blocks of every sentence
Every word in English belongs to a category called a part of speech.
Understanding these categories helps you construct grammatically correct
sentences, identify errors, and improve your writing.
1.1 Nouns
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Types of Nouns
• Common Noun – general names: city, dog, teacher
• Proper Noun – specific names (capitalised): London, Max, Dr. Smith
• Abstract Noun – ideas or concepts: love, freedom, courage
• Collective Noun – groups: a flock of birds, a team of players
• Countable Noun – can be counted: book → books, child → children
• Uncountable Noun – cannot be counted: water, music, advice
✎ She gave me good advice. (uncountable – no plural)
✎ The committee has reached a decision. (collective – singular verb)
■ Key Rules
• Proper nouns are always capitalised.
• Uncountable nouns take singular verbs and cannot use 'a/an'.
• Add -s or -es to form most plural countable nouns.
1.2 Verbs
Basic English
Grammar
Complete Study Notes
Parts of Speech • Tenses • Sentence Structure
Articles • Pronouns • Punctuation • Common Errors
Includes examples, rules, tables & quick-reference tips
© Study Notes | For personal and educational use
, Table of Contents
Parts of Speech
1
Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs & more
Articles
2
A, An, The — when and how to use them
Tenses
3
Past, Present & Future — all 12 forms
Pronouns
4
Personal, Possessive, Reflexive & more
Sentence Structure
5
Subjects, Predicates, Clauses & Phrases
Punctuation
6
Commas, Apostrophes, Colons & beyond
Common Errors
7
Mistakes to avoid & how to fix them
, CHAPTER 1
Parts of Speech
The building blocks of every sentence
Every word in English belongs to a category called a part of speech.
Understanding these categories helps you construct grammatically correct
sentences, identify errors, and improve your writing.
1.1 Nouns
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Types of Nouns
• Common Noun – general names: city, dog, teacher
• Proper Noun – specific names (capitalised): London, Max, Dr. Smith
• Abstract Noun – ideas or concepts: love, freedom, courage
• Collective Noun – groups: a flock of birds, a team of players
• Countable Noun – can be counted: book → books, child → children
• Uncountable Noun – cannot be counted: water, music, advice
✎ She gave me good advice. (uncountable – no plural)
✎ The committee has reached a decision. (collective – singular verb)
■ Key Rules
• Proper nouns are always capitalised.
• Uncountable nouns take singular verbs and cannot use 'a/an'.
• Add -s or -es to form most plural countable nouns.
1.2 Verbs
