Kine 223 Exam Review questions with verified detailed answers
|| || || || || || || ||
Randomized Clinical Trials - ✔✔- The subjects (human beings) are randomly assigned to their || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
study groups. ||
- They are blinded to make them more rigorous which ensures that the only difference between
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the groups is the one the researchers are attempting to study.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
- A prospective, analytical, experimental study using primary data generated in the clinical
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
environment. Individuals similar at the beginning are randomly allocated to two or more groups || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
(treatment and control) and the outcomes of the groups are compared after sufficient follow-up
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
time.
-Ex: When testing a new headache medication, a large pool of people with headaches would be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
randomly divided into two groups, one receiving the medication and another receiving a placebo.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
With proper randomization, the only significant overall difference between the two groups will be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
whether or not the received the medication. || || || || || || ||
- The US Food and Drug Administration often requires at least two be conducted before a new
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
drug can be marketed. || || || ||
- THE PROBLEM IS THAT AN RCT IS NOT POSSIBLE IN MANY CASES, either because it's
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
not practical or would require too many volunteers that's why scientists use epidemiological
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
study.
Epidemiological Study - ✔✔- Simply observes people going about their usual behavior, rather || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
than randomly assigning active participants to control invariable groups.
|| || || || || || || ||
- Great tools to study the health effects of almost anything, without directly interfering in people's
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
lives or assigning them to potentially dangerous exposures.
|| || || || || || ||
- Served as excellent guides to public health, altering us to critical health hazards.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- Ex: Wanted to study whether an herbal ingredient on the market causes nausea. Rather than
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
deliberately giving people something that might make them nauseated, we would find those who || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
already take the ingredient in their everyday lives. This group is called the COHORT. We would
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
also need a comparison group of people who do not have exposure to the ingredient.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- THIS STUDY ALSO CAN'T BE RELIABLE TO ESTABLISH CASUAL RELATIONSHIPS
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
BECAUSE EVEN THE THIS BEST STUDY HAVE INHERENT FLAWS. Due to the subjects || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
not being randomly assigned to groups. For example, if the cohort in the herbal study consisted of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
,people who took the supplement for health reasons, they may have already had higher rates of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
nausea than the other people in the sample.
|| || || || || || ||
Confounding Variables - ✔✔Factors that can affect results, in addition to the factor being studied. || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Selection Bias - ✔✔Choosing non-random data for statistical analysis. || || || || || || || ||
Major Two Pitfalls of Epidemiological Studies - ✔✔Selection Bias and Confounding Variables
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
- Combined with more general dangers, such as conflicts of interest or selective use of data, can
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
make the findings of any particular epidemiological study suspect, and a good study must go out
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
of its way to prove that its authors have taken steps to eliminate these types of errors.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- But even when this has been done, the very nature of epidemiological studies, which examines
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the differences between preexisting groups, rather than deliberately inducing changes within the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
same individual, means that a single study can only demonstrate a correlation a substance and a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
health outcome, rather than a true cause and effect relationship.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Evidence-Based Living - ✔✔1. Access to the original source: Evidence-Based Living || || || || || || || || || || ||
recommends that readers go back to the original source of information before believing what is || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
presented in the media. News reports or other articles that do not provide access to this resource
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
leave readers wondering if the information is real or not.
|| || || || || || || || ||
2. Reliance on a single study: According to Evidence-Based Living, systematic reviews should be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the first source that readers investigate when searching for the truth about a product or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
recommendation. These are comprehensive reviews of many pieces of literature on the same || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
subject that ban indicate if the same finding is generated repeatedly, or just in isolated cases.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Relying on just one or two research reports to prove a point is not reliable.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
3. Quick of confusing generalizations: Headlines like "Lose 20 pounds in a week!" or "Eating
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
blueberries prevents cancer" are certainly attention-grabbing, but they do not describe the whole
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
body of research. By isolating interesting bits of information and reporting them outside the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
context of the whole study, reporters create a sense of urgency in readers. This may lead them to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
making hasty or illogical decisions if they do not read the entire article and investigate the original
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
source of the information.
|| || || ||
,Reliability - ✔✔Refers to the extent to which an experiment, test, or other measuring procedure
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
yields the same results on repeated data.
|| || || || || ||
Validity - ✔✔The extent to which a measuring device measures what it intends to purports to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
measure.
Which of the following would be included in a high- quality news report? - ✔✔- Comparisons to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other studies
||
- Statistical Significance
|| ||
- Information about side effects
|| || || ||
- Whether the study was conducted on humans or animals
|| || || || || || || || ||
Which of the following helps a reader determine if a source is providing credible health
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
information? - ✔✔Access to the original source || || || || || ||
What is the scientific method? - ✔✔A methodical approach to answering questions and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
determining conclusions ||
Where does evidence-based public health practice come from? - ✔✔Clinical epidemiology and
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
evidence-based medicine ||
Which of the following types of studies has the lowest risk of bias? - ✔✔Meta-analysis
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
What is a randomized controlled clinical trial? - ✔✔A prospective, analytical experimental study
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
using primary data generated in the clinical environment
|| || || || || || ||
A formal experiment must include a control. - ✔✔True
|| || || || || || || ||
What is a case control study? - ✔✔Studies in which patients who already have a specific
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
condition or outcome are compared with people who do not
|| || || || || || || || ||
, Identify what is NOT done in a cohort study. - ✔✔Detailed comparisons are made between the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cohort and the rest of the human population
|| || || || || || ||
What is a meta-analysis? - ✔✔A Meta-analysis takes a systemic review one step further by
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
combining all results using accepted statistical methodology || || || || || ||
Biometric Measurement - ✔✔A measurement of a physical characteristic, such as height, weight
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
or resting heart rate that is used to indicate current health and future risk of illness or disease.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- Once benchmarks are established, continuing to accurately measure, assess and track many
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
biometrics over a lifetime can provide a better understanding of health. For example, the Centers
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suggests using biometric measurements, such as body
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and aerobic fitness tests, as part of a workplace health
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
promotion program. ||
- Body weight is one quick and easy biomeric to record overall health, but is not the most
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
descriptive metric to use when assessing general health and risk disease. || || || || || || || || || ||
Body Composition - ✔✔Estimate the percentage of body fat compared to lean muscle mass, such
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
as muscle, bone and water.
|| || || ||
- One of five health-related fitness components and considered one of the best overall health
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
indicators.
- Remain consistent
|| ||
- Several techniques to calculate body composition, ranging from simple field-based options
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Body Mass Index - ✔✔a ratio between height and weight, used to determine if your body weight
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
is within a healthy range
|| || || ||
- Weight in kilograms/height in meters squared
|| || || || || ||
- BMI under is 18 is considered underweight and a BMI over 25 is overweight and above 30 is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
obese.
|| || || || || || || ||
Randomized Clinical Trials - ✔✔- The subjects (human beings) are randomly assigned to their || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
study groups. ||
- They are blinded to make them more rigorous which ensures that the only difference between
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the groups is the one the researchers are attempting to study.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
- A prospective, analytical, experimental study using primary data generated in the clinical
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
environment. Individuals similar at the beginning are randomly allocated to two or more groups || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
(treatment and control) and the outcomes of the groups are compared after sufficient follow-up
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
time.
-Ex: When testing a new headache medication, a large pool of people with headaches would be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
randomly divided into two groups, one receiving the medication and another receiving a placebo.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
With proper randomization, the only significant overall difference between the two groups will be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
whether or not the received the medication. || || || || || || ||
- The US Food and Drug Administration often requires at least two be conducted before a new
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
drug can be marketed. || || || ||
- THE PROBLEM IS THAT AN RCT IS NOT POSSIBLE IN MANY CASES, either because it's
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
not practical or would require too many volunteers that's why scientists use epidemiological
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
study.
Epidemiological Study - ✔✔- Simply observes people going about their usual behavior, rather || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
than randomly assigning active participants to control invariable groups.
|| || || || || || || ||
- Great tools to study the health effects of almost anything, without directly interfering in people's
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
lives or assigning them to potentially dangerous exposures.
|| || || || || || ||
- Served as excellent guides to public health, altering us to critical health hazards.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- Ex: Wanted to study whether an herbal ingredient on the market causes nausea. Rather than
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
deliberately giving people something that might make them nauseated, we would find those who || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
already take the ingredient in their everyday lives. This group is called the COHORT. We would
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
also need a comparison group of people who do not have exposure to the ingredient.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- THIS STUDY ALSO CAN'T BE RELIABLE TO ESTABLISH CASUAL RELATIONSHIPS
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
BECAUSE EVEN THE THIS BEST STUDY HAVE INHERENT FLAWS. Due to the subjects || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
not being randomly assigned to groups. For example, if the cohort in the herbal study consisted of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
,people who took the supplement for health reasons, they may have already had higher rates of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
nausea than the other people in the sample.
|| || || || || || ||
Confounding Variables - ✔✔Factors that can affect results, in addition to the factor being studied. || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Selection Bias - ✔✔Choosing non-random data for statistical analysis. || || || || || || || ||
Major Two Pitfalls of Epidemiological Studies - ✔✔Selection Bias and Confounding Variables
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
- Combined with more general dangers, such as conflicts of interest or selective use of data, can
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
make the findings of any particular epidemiological study suspect, and a good study must go out
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
of its way to prove that its authors have taken steps to eliminate these types of errors.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- But even when this has been done, the very nature of epidemiological studies, which examines
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the differences between preexisting groups, rather than deliberately inducing changes within the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
same individual, means that a single study can only demonstrate a correlation a substance and a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
health outcome, rather than a true cause and effect relationship.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Evidence-Based Living - ✔✔1. Access to the original source: Evidence-Based Living || || || || || || || || || || ||
recommends that readers go back to the original source of information before believing what is || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
presented in the media. News reports or other articles that do not provide access to this resource
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
leave readers wondering if the information is real or not.
|| || || || || || || || ||
2. Reliance on a single study: According to Evidence-Based Living, systematic reviews should be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the first source that readers investigate when searching for the truth about a product or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
recommendation. These are comprehensive reviews of many pieces of literature on the same || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
subject that ban indicate if the same finding is generated repeatedly, or just in isolated cases.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Relying on just one or two research reports to prove a point is not reliable.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
3. Quick of confusing generalizations: Headlines like "Lose 20 pounds in a week!" or "Eating
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
blueberries prevents cancer" are certainly attention-grabbing, but they do not describe the whole
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
body of research. By isolating interesting bits of information and reporting them outside the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
context of the whole study, reporters create a sense of urgency in readers. This may lead them to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
making hasty or illogical decisions if they do not read the entire article and investigate the original
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
source of the information.
|| || || ||
,Reliability - ✔✔Refers to the extent to which an experiment, test, or other measuring procedure
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
yields the same results on repeated data.
|| || || || || ||
Validity - ✔✔The extent to which a measuring device measures what it intends to purports to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
measure.
Which of the following would be included in a high- quality news report? - ✔✔- Comparisons to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other studies
||
- Statistical Significance
|| ||
- Information about side effects
|| || || ||
- Whether the study was conducted on humans or animals
|| || || || || || || || ||
Which of the following helps a reader determine if a source is providing credible health
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
information? - ✔✔Access to the original source || || || || || ||
What is the scientific method? - ✔✔A methodical approach to answering questions and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
determining conclusions ||
Where does evidence-based public health practice come from? - ✔✔Clinical epidemiology and
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
evidence-based medicine ||
Which of the following types of studies has the lowest risk of bias? - ✔✔Meta-analysis
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
What is a randomized controlled clinical trial? - ✔✔A prospective, analytical experimental study
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
using primary data generated in the clinical environment
|| || || || || || ||
A formal experiment must include a control. - ✔✔True
|| || || || || || || ||
What is a case control study? - ✔✔Studies in which patients who already have a specific
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
condition or outcome are compared with people who do not
|| || || || || || || || ||
, Identify what is NOT done in a cohort study. - ✔✔Detailed comparisons are made between the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cohort and the rest of the human population
|| || || || || || ||
What is a meta-analysis? - ✔✔A Meta-analysis takes a systemic review one step further by
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
combining all results using accepted statistical methodology || || || || || ||
Biometric Measurement - ✔✔A measurement of a physical characteristic, such as height, weight
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
or resting heart rate that is used to indicate current health and future risk of illness or disease.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- Once benchmarks are established, continuing to accurately measure, assess and track many
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
biometrics over a lifetime can provide a better understanding of health. For example, the Centers
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suggests using biometric measurements, such as body
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and aerobic fitness tests, as part of a workplace health
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
promotion program. ||
- Body weight is one quick and easy biomeric to record overall health, but is not the most
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
descriptive metric to use when assessing general health and risk disease. || || || || || || || || || ||
Body Composition - ✔✔Estimate the percentage of body fat compared to lean muscle mass, such
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
as muscle, bone and water.
|| || || ||
- One of five health-related fitness components and considered one of the best overall health
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
indicators.
- Remain consistent
|| ||
- Several techniques to calculate body composition, ranging from simple field-based options
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Body Mass Index - ✔✔a ratio between height and weight, used to determine if your body weight
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
is within a healthy range
|| || || ||
- Weight in kilograms/height in meters squared
|| || || || || ||
- BMI under is 18 is considered underweight and a BMI over 25 is overweight and above 30 is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
obese.
