PCB 3044
PCB3044 Exam 2 Study Guide (UCF)
Graded A+ 2026
What is trophy hunting?
Selective hunting of wild game with the primary motivation to seek the oldest
and most mature animal from a given population
What types of animals are typically hunted in trophy hunting?
Male with largest body size, largest antlers, largest horns, etc.
What does CBNRM (Community Based Natural Resource Management) do?
Pursues conservation while also providing income for residents of the land
How does ecotourism benefit communities?
Alleviates poverty and promotes conservation of resources
How is trophy hunting historically a large funder of conservation?
A ten day leopard hunting safari is about $40,000.
Most trophy hunters spend more than $100,000 per trip.
Which animals are targeted by hunting/fishing regulations?
Older, larger males (organisms that would sire the largest number of healthy
offspring
How has trophy hunting impacted African Elephants?
Tusk size decrease despite shoulder height increase
What is evolution?
Changes in organisms over time
Genes are composed of DNA. What does DNA do?
Specify (encode) proteins
Genes can have two or more forms called __________.
alleles
PCB 3044
,PCB 3044
What is genotype?
Genetic makeup (represented by letters, one for each allele)
In relation to alleles, what is evolution?
Change in allele frequency (proportion) over time
If there is a population of 1,000 frogs and 360 are AA, 480 are Aa, and 160 are
aa, what are the frequencies of a and A?
a = 800/2,000 = 0.4 or 40%
A = 1,200/2,000 = 0.6 or 60%
What does change in allele frequency indicate?
Genetic change in a population, meaning a trait must be heritable
What is the broader definition of evolution?
Descent with modification
What are species?
Groups of organisms whose members have similar characteristics and can
interbreed (dogs are all one species with different breeds)
What are mechanisms for evolutions?
Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Artificial selection
Mutation
Recombination
What is a mutation?
Source of new alleles; any change in the DNA sequence
PCB 3044
, PCB 3044
What is recombination?
Rearranging of existing alleles
What causes mutations?
Errors during cell division or damage to DNA
How often do mutations occur?
1 every 10,000 to 100,000 copies of a gene
Can you see evolution occurring in real time?
Yes, E. coli and other bacteria can replicate in 20 minutes, meaning that within a
day you can see changes over the course of many generations
What are recombinations?
Offspring with combinations of alleles that differ from either of their parents
What did Charles Darwin proposed?
Populations become different over time through natural selection
What is natural selection?
The idea that individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and
reproduce more successfully than individuals with other heritable characteristics
What book is Charles Darwin famous for writing?
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Who independently arrived at the same conclusions as Charles Darwin?
A.R. Wallace
Populations evolve
Individuals do not evolve
When does natural selection occur?
When individuals with particular heritable traits consistently leave more
offspring than individuals with other heritable traits
What is fitness, in terms of ecology?
An individuals' contribution to future generations
PCB 3044
PCB3044 Exam 2 Study Guide (UCF)
Graded A+ 2026
What is trophy hunting?
Selective hunting of wild game with the primary motivation to seek the oldest
and most mature animal from a given population
What types of animals are typically hunted in trophy hunting?
Male with largest body size, largest antlers, largest horns, etc.
What does CBNRM (Community Based Natural Resource Management) do?
Pursues conservation while also providing income for residents of the land
How does ecotourism benefit communities?
Alleviates poverty and promotes conservation of resources
How is trophy hunting historically a large funder of conservation?
A ten day leopard hunting safari is about $40,000.
Most trophy hunters spend more than $100,000 per trip.
Which animals are targeted by hunting/fishing regulations?
Older, larger males (organisms that would sire the largest number of healthy
offspring
How has trophy hunting impacted African Elephants?
Tusk size decrease despite shoulder height increase
What is evolution?
Changes in organisms over time
Genes are composed of DNA. What does DNA do?
Specify (encode) proteins
Genes can have two or more forms called __________.
alleles
PCB 3044
,PCB 3044
What is genotype?
Genetic makeup (represented by letters, one for each allele)
In relation to alleles, what is evolution?
Change in allele frequency (proportion) over time
If there is a population of 1,000 frogs and 360 are AA, 480 are Aa, and 160 are
aa, what are the frequencies of a and A?
a = 800/2,000 = 0.4 or 40%
A = 1,200/2,000 = 0.6 or 60%
What does change in allele frequency indicate?
Genetic change in a population, meaning a trait must be heritable
What is the broader definition of evolution?
Descent with modification
What are species?
Groups of organisms whose members have similar characteristics and can
interbreed (dogs are all one species with different breeds)
What are mechanisms for evolutions?
Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Artificial selection
Mutation
Recombination
What is a mutation?
Source of new alleles; any change in the DNA sequence
PCB 3044
, PCB 3044
What is recombination?
Rearranging of existing alleles
What causes mutations?
Errors during cell division or damage to DNA
How often do mutations occur?
1 every 10,000 to 100,000 copies of a gene
Can you see evolution occurring in real time?
Yes, E. coli and other bacteria can replicate in 20 minutes, meaning that within a
day you can see changes over the course of many generations
What are recombinations?
Offspring with combinations of alleles that differ from either of their parents
What did Charles Darwin proposed?
Populations become different over time through natural selection
What is natural selection?
The idea that individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and
reproduce more successfully than individuals with other heritable characteristics
What book is Charles Darwin famous for writing?
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Who independently arrived at the same conclusions as Charles Darwin?
A.R. Wallace
Populations evolve
Individuals do not evolve
When does natural selection occur?
When individuals with particular heritable traits consistently leave more
offspring than individuals with other heritable traits
What is fitness, in terms of ecology?
An individuals' contribution to future generations
PCB 3044
