MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology (2026/2027)
LATEST |COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
Nephrotic syndrome ......ANSWER......characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal ......ANSWER......Lesions that
involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse,
and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental ......ANSWER......When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis ......ANSWER......An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
pg. 1
,Nephritic syndrome ......ANSWER......Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur
as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention --
periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts
and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated
Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor ......ANSWER......refers to
an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement
membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that
are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and
other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and
represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor ......ANSWER......refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor ......ANSWER......refers to
cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
pg. 2
, Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy ......ANSWER......A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer ......ANSWER......cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis ......ANSWER......History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis ......ANSWER......An abnormal dilation of the renal
pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) ......ANSWER......inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
pg. 3
LATEST |COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
Nephrotic syndrome ......ANSWER......characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal ......ANSWER......Lesions that
involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse,
and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental ......ANSWER......When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis ......ANSWER......An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
pg. 1
,Nephritic syndrome ......ANSWER......Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur
as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention --
periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts
and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated
Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor ......ANSWER......refers to
an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement
membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that
are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and
other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and
represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor ......ANSWER......refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor ......ANSWER......refers to
cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
pg. 2
, Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy ......ANSWER......A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer ......ANSWER......cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis ......ANSWER......History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis ......ANSWER......An abnormal dilation of the renal
pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) ......ANSWER......inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
pg. 3
