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4 criteria of imitation
1. the imitative behavior is occasioned by another person's model of the behavior
2. the imitative behavior has formal similarity with the model
3. the imitative behavior follows the modeled behavior closely in time
4. the model is the primary controlling variable for the imitative behavior
imitation training protocol (4): sequence selected models for training
use the pretest to arrange the presentation sequence for the selected models,
arranging the sequence from the easiest to the most difficult models to imitate.
the first models
selected are those that the learner imitated correctly on some, but not all, of the
pretest trials. the models that the learner responded to incorrectly, but that
approximated the model, are selected next. finally, the models that the learner
failed to perform, or
performed incorrectly, are the last to be selected for training
,conduct imitation training sessions: preassessment
use the first 3 models currently selected for training and present them 3 times
each in random order. if the learner's behavior has similarity to the model on all 3
presentations, that model is removed from the training. allows practitioners to
evaluate the learner's
current performance on the models selected for training that session, and to
determine the learner's progress in learning to respond to the model
conduct imitation training sessions: training
practitioners use repeated presentations of 1 of the 3 models used in the
preassessment. the model selected first is the one most often responded to
during the preassessment. if the learner made only approximations, the
behavior with the closest similarity to the model is selected first for training.
training continues until the learner responds to the model correctly on 5
consecutive trials
conduct imitation training sessions: postassessment
present 3 times each, 5 previously learned models and 5 models that are still
included in imitation training. remove a most recently learned behavior from
imitation training
following 3 consecutive postassessments in which the learner responds
correctly without physical guidance to the model 14 out of the 15
opportunities. allows the
practitioner to evaluate how well a learner performs the previously and most
recently learned behaviors
, conduct imitation training sessions: probe for imitation with novel models
use approximately 5 nontrained, novel models to probe for occurrences of
imitation at the end of each imitation training session, or intermix the probes
with the training trials. uses the same procedures as the preassessment, but
without using the antecedent
verbal response prompt or other forms of response prompts
guidelines for imitation training
1. keep sessions active and brief: 10-15 minute sessions more than once daily
2. reinforce both prompted and imitative responses: in the beginning,
reinforce each occurrence of prompted responses and/or imitation and do it
immediately
3. pair verbal praise and attention with tangible reinforcement
4. if progress stalls, back up and move ahead slowly: return to an earlier
level of successful performance
5. fade out verbal response prompts or physical guidance: children need to
learn to do what the model does without the supports of response prompting
6. make data-based decisions to terminate imitation training