NUR 1460 - MODULE 1 PERFUSION EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Perfusion - Answers The delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues for cellular metabolism and waste
removal.
Central (Systemic) Perfusion - Answers Blood flow to vital organs such as the heart, brain, lungs, and
kidneys.
Peripheral (Tissue) Perfusion - Answers Blood flow to extremities and peripheral tissues through
arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Cardiac Output (CO) - Answers The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; CO = HR × SV.
Preload - Answers The amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole determined by venous
return.
Afterload - Answers The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
Stroke Volume - Answers The amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat.
Patent Vasculature - Answers Blood vessels that are open and unobstructed, allowing adequate
blood flow.
Blood Volume - Answers The total amount of circulating blood necessary to maintain blood pressure
and perfusion.
Hypovolemia - Answers A decreased circulating blood volume leading to reduced preload and cardiac
output.
Baroreceptors - Answers Pressure-sensitive receptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch.
Baroreceptor Reflex - Answers A rapid compensatory mechanism that adjusts heart rate and vascular
tone in response to blood pressure changes.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) - Answers A hormonal system that regulates blood
pressure and fluid balance when renal perfusion decreases.
Angiotensin II - Answers A potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure and afterload.
Aldosterone - Answers A hormone that promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood
volume.
Hypertension (HTN) - Answers Chronic elevation of blood pressure that increases afterload and
damages blood vessels.
Effect of HTN on Perfusion - Answers Decreases cardiac efficiency and damages vascular
endothelium, impairing perfusion.
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) - Answers Atherosclerotic narrowing of arteries that reduces blood
flow to extremities.
PAD Primary Perfusion Problem - Answers Impaired arterial blood flow leading to tissue ischemia.
Classic PAD Symptoms - Answers Intermittent claudication, cool extremities, diminished pulses,
delayed capillary refill.
Peripheral Venous Disease (PVD) - Answers Venous valve failure causing blood pooling and impaired
venous return.
PVD Primary Perfusion Problem - Answers Venous congestion leading to edema and skin breakdown.
Classic PVD Symptoms - Answers Edema, warm skin, brown discoloration, venous ulcers.
Vital Signs and Perfusion - Answers Changes in BP and HR can indicate impaired systemic perfusion.
Capillary Refill - Answers A test of peripheral perfusion; refill >3 seconds indicates impairment.
Peripheral Pulses - Answers Assessment of arterial blood flow to extremities.
Skin Color and Perfusion - Answers Pallor or cyanosis may indicate decreased oxygen delivery.
Skin Temperature - Answers Cool skin suggests vasoconstriction and reduced perfusion.
Normal Sinus Rhythm - Answers A regular rhythm that supports adequate cardiac output and
perfusion.
Bradycardia and Perfusion - Answers Slow heart rate that may reduce cardiac output and perfusion.
Tachycardia and Perfusion - Answers Fast heart rate that can decrease ventricular filling and cardiac
output.
Atrial Fibrillation - Answers Irregular rhythm that reduces cardiac output due to loss of atrial kick.
HTN Nursing Interventions - Answers Monitor BP, administer medications, promote diet and lifestyle
changes.
PAD Nursing Interventions - Answers Encourage walking, keep legs dependent, avoid smoking and
cold exposure.
PVD Nursing Interventions - Answers Elevate legs, apply compression therapy, promote mobility.
PAD Positioning - Answers Legs dependent to promote arterial blood flow.
Perfusion - Answers The delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues for cellular metabolism and waste
removal.
Central (Systemic) Perfusion - Answers Blood flow to vital organs such as the heart, brain, lungs, and
kidneys.
Peripheral (Tissue) Perfusion - Answers Blood flow to extremities and peripheral tissues through
arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Cardiac Output (CO) - Answers The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; CO = HR × SV.
Preload - Answers The amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole determined by venous
return.
Afterload - Answers The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
Stroke Volume - Answers The amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat.
Patent Vasculature - Answers Blood vessels that are open and unobstructed, allowing adequate
blood flow.
Blood Volume - Answers The total amount of circulating blood necessary to maintain blood pressure
and perfusion.
Hypovolemia - Answers A decreased circulating blood volume leading to reduced preload and cardiac
output.
Baroreceptors - Answers Pressure-sensitive receptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch.
Baroreceptor Reflex - Answers A rapid compensatory mechanism that adjusts heart rate and vascular
tone in response to blood pressure changes.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) - Answers A hormonal system that regulates blood
pressure and fluid balance when renal perfusion decreases.
Angiotensin II - Answers A potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure and afterload.
Aldosterone - Answers A hormone that promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood
volume.
Hypertension (HTN) - Answers Chronic elevation of blood pressure that increases afterload and
damages blood vessels.
Effect of HTN on Perfusion - Answers Decreases cardiac efficiency and damages vascular
endothelium, impairing perfusion.
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) - Answers Atherosclerotic narrowing of arteries that reduces blood
flow to extremities.
PAD Primary Perfusion Problem - Answers Impaired arterial blood flow leading to tissue ischemia.
Classic PAD Symptoms - Answers Intermittent claudication, cool extremities, diminished pulses,
delayed capillary refill.
Peripheral Venous Disease (PVD) - Answers Venous valve failure causing blood pooling and impaired
venous return.
PVD Primary Perfusion Problem - Answers Venous congestion leading to edema and skin breakdown.
Classic PVD Symptoms - Answers Edema, warm skin, brown discoloration, venous ulcers.
Vital Signs and Perfusion - Answers Changes in BP and HR can indicate impaired systemic perfusion.
Capillary Refill - Answers A test of peripheral perfusion; refill >3 seconds indicates impairment.
Peripheral Pulses - Answers Assessment of arterial blood flow to extremities.
Skin Color and Perfusion - Answers Pallor or cyanosis may indicate decreased oxygen delivery.
Skin Temperature - Answers Cool skin suggests vasoconstriction and reduced perfusion.
Normal Sinus Rhythm - Answers A regular rhythm that supports adequate cardiac output and
perfusion.
Bradycardia and Perfusion - Answers Slow heart rate that may reduce cardiac output and perfusion.
Tachycardia and Perfusion - Answers Fast heart rate that can decrease ventricular filling and cardiac
output.
Atrial Fibrillation - Answers Irregular rhythm that reduces cardiac output due to loss of atrial kick.
HTN Nursing Interventions - Answers Monitor BP, administer medications, promote diet and lifestyle
changes.
PAD Nursing Interventions - Answers Encourage walking, keep legs dependent, avoid smoking and
cold exposure.
PVD Nursing Interventions - Answers Elevate legs, apply compression therapy, promote mobility.
PAD Positioning - Answers Legs dependent to promote arterial blood flow.
