PCB 3233
PCB 3233 Immunology Final- Weigel
Questions and Answers 2026
mast cells
involved in allergic responses in tissue
eosinophils
Stain red
fight parasitic worm infections
basophils
stain with basic dyes (blue); controlling immune responses to parasites
involved in allergic responses in blood
megakaryocyte
a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood platelets when its
cytoplasm becomes fragmented
erythrocytes
Oxygen carrying cell (RBC)
antibodies (Abs)
immunoglobulins;
- part of humoral immunity
MALT
defends mucosal surfaces lining of digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts
GALT
includes tonsils, adenoids, appendix and Peyer's patches that line the gut
BALT
bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues
CR3 and CR4 recognize
PCB 3233
,PCB 3233
iC3b
LPS
Factor P
binds to C3 convertase on microbial surfaces and protects it from inhibition by
factor H
antimicrobial peptides
defensins, two types : alpha and beta; secreted by epithelial cells - penetrates the
microbial membrane and disrupts it
C-reactive Protein (CRP)
pentamer of identical subunits, binds to phosphorycholine component of LPS;
binds with C1q
toll-like receptors (TLRs)
receptors or sensors for pathogen components that signal macrophage to make
and secrete cytokines
TLR-4
senses ligand LPS; expressed on macrophages; sends signal to the nucleus of the
macrophage to secrete inflammatory cytokines as well as cytokines that activate
innate immune response
IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha
induces blood vessels to become more permeable,
> effector cells and fluid containing soluble effector molecules enter infected
tissue
IL-6
induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize
make heat
raise the temperature in the infected tissue
IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha
pyrogens, inflammatory cytokines
CXCL8
PCB 3233
,PCB 3233
= IL-8; recruits neutrophils from the blood and guides them to the infected tissue
IL-12
recruits and activates NK cells that in turn secrete cytokines that strengthen the
macrophages response to infection
NOD-Like receptors
cytoplasmic receptors for recognition of pathogens
NOD-1
recognizes a degradation product of gram (-) peptidoglycan
NOD-2
recognizes a degradation product of most bacteria- murmyl dipeptide
leukocyte adhesion molecules
1. L-selectins- carbohydrate -binding lectins
- Ligand = GlyCAM-1, CD34, MadCAM-1
2. vascular addressins (CD34) - contain carbohydrate groups which selectins bind
- Ligand = L-selectin
3. integrins (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18)- bind to Ig superfamily proteins
- Ligand = ICAMs
4. immunoglobulin superfamily (CD2/LFA-2) - ICAM-1
- Ligand = LFA-3
extravasation
allow the neutrophils to exit the blood near the site of infection (rolling adhesion>
tight binding> diapedesis > migration)
respiratory burst
transient increase in oxygen consumption= purpose is to raise the pH of the
phagosome so the granule contents can become active to kill pathogen
netosis
a way neutrophils die that leads to capture and destruction of the pathogen
acute phase proteins
produced in response to inflammatory cytokines; produced by hepatocytes in liver
PCB 3233
, PCB 3233
MASP
MBL-associated serine protease
- MASP-1 and MASP-2
- MASP-2 (serine protease)
- cleaves C4 and C2
- initiates complement activation
type I interferon
- interferes with viral replication by infected cells
- alert immune system cells that infection is present
- make virus-infected cells more vulnerable to killer lymphocyte attack
affinity
the tightness of binding of an antibody binding site to an antigen
- antibodies produced by a memory response have a higher affinity than those in a
primary response
avidity
the firmness of association between a multi determinant antigen and the
antibodies produced against it
proteases
cleave antibody into Fab and Fc fragments (2 Fab and 1 Fc)
- Fab (fragment antigen binding) = antigen binding part
- Fc (fragment crystallizable) = part responsible for effector functions
antibody classes
heavy chain constant regions define five main isotypes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE,
IgG and IgM
light chain isotypes
kappa and lambda
IgG
-four different subclasses ( IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4)
-most abundant Ig in the blood
-crosses placenta to provide passive immunity to newborn
PCB 3233
PCB 3233 Immunology Final- Weigel
Questions and Answers 2026
mast cells
involved in allergic responses in tissue
eosinophils
Stain red
fight parasitic worm infections
basophils
stain with basic dyes (blue); controlling immune responses to parasites
involved in allergic responses in blood
megakaryocyte
a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood platelets when its
cytoplasm becomes fragmented
erythrocytes
Oxygen carrying cell (RBC)
antibodies (Abs)
immunoglobulins;
- part of humoral immunity
MALT
defends mucosal surfaces lining of digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts
GALT
includes tonsils, adenoids, appendix and Peyer's patches that line the gut
BALT
bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues
CR3 and CR4 recognize
PCB 3233
,PCB 3233
iC3b
LPS
Factor P
binds to C3 convertase on microbial surfaces and protects it from inhibition by
factor H
antimicrobial peptides
defensins, two types : alpha and beta; secreted by epithelial cells - penetrates the
microbial membrane and disrupts it
C-reactive Protein (CRP)
pentamer of identical subunits, binds to phosphorycholine component of LPS;
binds with C1q
toll-like receptors (TLRs)
receptors or sensors for pathogen components that signal macrophage to make
and secrete cytokines
TLR-4
senses ligand LPS; expressed on macrophages; sends signal to the nucleus of the
macrophage to secrete inflammatory cytokines as well as cytokines that activate
innate immune response
IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha
induces blood vessels to become more permeable,
> effector cells and fluid containing soluble effector molecules enter infected
tissue
IL-6
induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize
make heat
raise the temperature in the infected tissue
IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha
pyrogens, inflammatory cytokines
CXCL8
PCB 3233
,PCB 3233
= IL-8; recruits neutrophils from the blood and guides them to the infected tissue
IL-12
recruits and activates NK cells that in turn secrete cytokines that strengthen the
macrophages response to infection
NOD-Like receptors
cytoplasmic receptors for recognition of pathogens
NOD-1
recognizes a degradation product of gram (-) peptidoglycan
NOD-2
recognizes a degradation product of most bacteria- murmyl dipeptide
leukocyte adhesion molecules
1. L-selectins- carbohydrate -binding lectins
- Ligand = GlyCAM-1, CD34, MadCAM-1
2. vascular addressins (CD34) - contain carbohydrate groups which selectins bind
- Ligand = L-selectin
3. integrins (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18)- bind to Ig superfamily proteins
- Ligand = ICAMs
4. immunoglobulin superfamily (CD2/LFA-2) - ICAM-1
- Ligand = LFA-3
extravasation
allow the neutrophils to exit the blood near the site of infection (rolling adhesion>
tight binding> diapedesis > migration)
respiratory burst
transient increase in oxygen consumption= purpose is to raise the pH of the
phagosome so the granule contents can become active to kill pathogen
netosis
a way neutrophils die that leads to capture and destruction of the pathogen
acute phase proteins
produced in response to inflammatory cytokines; produced by hepatocytes in liver
PCB 3233
, PCB 3233
MASP
MBL-associated serine protease
- MASP-1 and MASP-2
- MASP-2 (serine protease)
- cleaves C4 and C2
- initiates complement activation
type I interferon
- interferes with viral replication by infected cells
- alert immune system cells that infection is present
- make virus-infected cells more vulnerable to killer lymphocyte attack
affinity
the tightness of binding of an antibody binding site to an antigen
- antibodies produced by a memory response have a higher affinity than those in a
primary response
avidity
the firmness of association between a multi determinant antigen and the
antibodies produced against it
proteases
cleave antibody into Fab and Fc fragments (2 Fab and 1 Fc)
- Fab (fragment antigen binding) = antigen binding part
- Fc (fragment crystallizable) = part responsible for effector functions
antibody classes
heavy chain constant regions define five main isotypes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE,
IgG and IgM
light chain isotypes
kappa and lambda
IgG
-four different subclasses ( IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4)
-most abundant Ig in the blood
-crosses placenta to provide passive immunity to newborn
PCB 3233
