Midterm Nursing Exam: Hemodynamics, Monitoring,
Respiratory Failure & Ventilation questions with well
verified answers
Cardiac Output (CO) - answer Amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute
CO Formula - answer CO = HR × SV
Low CO means - answer poor tissue perfusion → hypotension, confusion, ↓ urine output,
cool skin
High CO means - answer hyperdynamic states (fever, sepsis early, exercise)
Stroke Volume (SV) - answer Amount of blood pumped with each beat
Decreased Stroke Volume - answer ↓ preload, ↑ afterload, poor contractility
Preload - answer Volume returning to the heart (ventricular stretch)
Low preload - answer dehydration, bleeding
High preload - answer fluid overload, HF
Afterload - answer Resistance the heart pumps against
, High afterload - answer HTN, vasoconstriction → ↓ SV
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) - answer Resistance in systemic circulation
High SVR - answer vasoconstriction, cold clammy skin
Low SVR - answer vasodilation (sepsis, anaphylaxis)
Contractility - answer Strength of heart muscle contraction
Decreased contractility - answer HF, MI
Improved contractility - answer inotropes
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - answer Average pressure for organ perfusion
MAP Goal - answer ≥ 65 mmHg
Low MAP - answer organs not perfused → shock risk
Arterial Lines (A-line) - answer Continuous BP monitoring and frequent ABGs
Pulmonary Artery Catheter (Swan-Ganz) - answer Measures CO, PA pressures, pulmonary
capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
Respiratory Failure & Ventilation questions with well
verified answers
Cardiac Output (CO) - answer Amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute
CO Formula - answer CO = HR × SV
Low CO means - answer poor tissue perfusion → hypotension, confusion, ↓ urine output,
cool skin
High CO means - answer hyperdynamic states (fever, sepsis early, exercise)
Stroke Volume (SV) - answer Amount of blood pumped with each beat
Decreased Stroke Volume - answer ↓ preload, ↑ afterload, poor contractility
Preload - answer Volume returning to the heart (ventricular stretch)
Low preload - answer dehydration, bleeding
High preload - answer fluid overload, HF
Afterload - answer Resistance the heart pumps against
, High afterload - answer HTN, vasoconstriction → ↓ SV
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) - answer Resistance in systemic circulation
High SVR - answer vasoconstriction, cold clammy skin
Low SVR - answer vasodilation (sepsis, anaphylaxis)
Contractility - answer Strength of heart muscle contraction
Decreased contractility - answer HF, MI
Improved contractility - answer inotropes
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - answer Average pressure for organ perfusion
MAP Goal - answer ≥ 65 mmHg
Low MAP - answer organs not perfused → shock risk
Arterial Lines (A-line) - answer Continuous BP monitoring and frequent ABGs
Pulmonary Artery Catheter (Swan-Ganz) - answer Measures CO, PA pressures, pulmonary
capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
