PUBH 1001 Final Exam With
Complete Solutions
Public Health Transition - ANSWER changing patterns of disease that can be
seen in countries that have experienced social and economic development
Screening - ANSWER use of tests on individuals who do not have symptoms
Asymptomatic - ANSWER individuals who show no symptoms of a particular
disease
Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio - ANSWER additional costs relative to the
net effectiveness
Lead-Time Bias - ANSWER early detection without improved outcome
False Positives - ANSWER individuals who have positive results on a screening
test but do not turn out to have the disease
False Negative - ANSWER individuals who have negative results on the
screening test but turn out to have the disease
True positives - ANSWER individuals who have a positive screening test but also
turn out to have the disease
Bayes' Theorem - ANSWER connection between pretest probability of disease
and posttest probability of disease
Pre-test probability of disease - ANSWER estimate based on combining
information about the prevalence of the disease and risk factors of disease
Post-test probability of disease - ANSWER probability of of disease after taking
into account the pre test probability as well as the sensitivity and specificity of
the disease
sensitivity - ANSWER probability that the test will be positive in the presence of
the disease (positive-in-disease)
specificity - ANSWER sensitivity is the probability that the test will be negative in
the absence of the disease (negative-in-health)
, predictive value of a positive - ANSWER if the test is positive, the posttest
probability of the disease
predictive value of a negative - ANSWER if the test is negative, the posttest
probability of the disease
sequential testing (consecutive testing) - ANSWER initial screening is followed
by one or more definitive or diagnostic tests
simultaneous testing (parallel testing) - ANSWER two tests are used initially if
one test can be expected to detect one type of disease and the other test can be
expected to detect a different type of disease
multiple risk factor reduction - ANSWER a strategy that intervenes
simultaneously in a series of risk factors, all of which contribute to a particular
outcome - most effective for groups of risk factors
cost effectiveness - ANSWER combines issues of benefits and harms with issues
of financial costs
net effectiveness or net benefit - ANSWER implies that the benefits are
substantially greater than the harms
prediction rules - ANSWER quantitative formula designed to increase the ability
to predict the outcome of a condition and thereby guide the use of interventions
phenotypic expression - ANSWER the clinical expression of a disease, which
may be quite variable despite the same genetic composition or genotype
communicable disease - ANSWER infections that can be transmitted from
person to person or from animals or the physical environment to humans
infectious disease - ANSWER includes both communicable disease and disease
caused by organisms that are not communicable
infections - ANSWER invasion of host's bodily tissues by an organism such as
bacteria or viruses
epidemic - ANSWER when a disease has increased in frequency in a defined
geographic area far above the usual rate
endemic - ANSWER implies that a disease is present in a community at all times
but at a relatively low rate
pandemic - ANSWER an epidemic occurring worldwide or over a very wide area
Complete Solutions
Public Health Transition - ANSWER changing patterns of disease that can be
seen in countries that have experienced social and economic development
Screening - ANSWER use of tests on individuals who do not have symptoms
Asymptomatic - ANSWER individuals who show no symptoms of a particular
disease
Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio - ANSWER additional costs relative to the
net effectiveness
Lead-Time Bias - ANSWER early detection without improved outcome
False Positives - ANSWER individuals who have positive results on a screening
test but do not turn out to have the disease
False Negative - ANSWER individuals who have negative results on the
screening test but turn out to have the disease
True positives - ANSWER individuals who have a positive screening test but also
turn out to have the disease
Bayes' Theorem - ANSWER connection between pretest probability of disease
and posttest probability of disease
Pre-test probability of disease - ANSWER estimate based on combining
information about the prevalence of the disease and risk factors of disease
Post-test probability of disease - ANSWER probability of of disease after taking
into account the pre test probability as well as the sensitivity and specificity of
the disease
sensitivity - ANSWER probability that the test will be positive in the presence of
the disease (positive-in-disease)
specificity - ANSWER sensitivity is the probability that the test will be negative in
the absence of the disease (negative-in-health)
, predictive value of a positive - ANSWER if the test is positive, the posttest
probability of the disease
predictive value of a negative - ANSWER if the test is negative, the posttest
probability of the disease
sequential testing (consecutive testing) - ANSWER initial screening is followed
by one or more definitive or diagnostic tests
simultaneous testing (parallel testing) - ANSWER two tests are used initially if
one test can be expected to detect one type of disease and the other test can be
expected to detect a different type of disease
multiple risk factor reduction - ANSWER a strategy that intervenes
simultaneously in a series of risk factors, all of which contribute to a particular
outcome - most effective for groups of risk factors
cost effectiveness - ANSWER combines issues of benefits and harms with issues
of financial costs
net effectiveness or net benefit - ANSWER implies that the benefits are
substantially greater than the harms
prediction rules - ANSWER quantitative formula designed to increase the ability
to predict the outcome of a condition and thereby guide the use of interventions
phenotypic expression - ANSWER the clinical expression of a disease, which
may be quite variable despite the same genetic composition or genotype
communicable disease - ANSWER infections that can be transmitted from
person to person or from animals or the physical environment to humans
infectious disease - ANSWER includes both communicable disease and disease
caused by organisms that are not communicable
infections - ANSWER invasion of host's bodily tissues by an organism such as
bacteria or viruses
epidemic - ANSWER when a disease has increased in frequency in a defined
geographic area far above the usual rate
endemic - ANSWER implies that a disease is present in a community at all times
but at a relatively low rate
pandemic - ANSWER an epidemic occurring worldwide or over a very wide area
