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A decision science in which we use numbers to help us
make informed decisions to improve business
finance
Utilizes economic resources to achieve goals
Does the benefit of my decision outweigh the cost of it
refers to the return a company needs to earn on its invest-
ments to satisfy its investors, which includes both the cost
of debt and the cost of equity.
Cost of capital
It serves as a benchmark for evaluating new projects and
investments, ensuring they generate returns that exceed
this cost
the interest rate used to determine the present value of
future cash flows from an investment, reflecting the time
value of money and associated risks.
discount rate
It is also the rate set by the Federal Reserve for short-term
loans to banks, influencing liquidity in the banking system
the minimum return an investor expects to receive from
an investment, considering its risk level.
It serves as a benchmark to evaluate the attractiveness of required rate of return
potential investments, with returns below this rate typically
seen as unattractive
Nominal interest rate = general interest rate +risk premi-
um + liquidity
General interest rate = "risk free rate" such as US treasury
How is an interest rate determined?
bond rate
Risk premium = time horizon of the investment and/or
probability of default
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Liquidity = amount of diflculty to convert the investment
to cash
You are earning interest only on the original principal
investment amount
simple interest
Example - if you invest $1,000 at a 5% simple interest rate
for 3 years, you would earn $150 in interest ($1,000 x 0.05
x 3)
Earning interest on top of interest; snowball ettect (most
questions are about this type of interest unless specifically
stated otherwise)
Example - if you invest $1,000 at a 5% annual interest rate compound interest
compounded annually, after one year you would earn $50
in interest, making your total $1,050; in the second year,
you would earn interest on $1,050, resulting in $52.50 in
interest, bringing your total to $1,102.50
The hurdle rate is the minimum acceptable rate of return
that an investment must achieve to be considered worth-
ditterence between IRR and hurdle rate
while, while the internal rate of return (IRR) is the actual
return expected from the investment
the minimum required return on an investment that must
hurdle rate (required rate of return)
be achieved for it to be considered acceptable
Risk
factors of required rate of return (hurdle rate) Inflation
Opportunity cost
A project is typically approved if its IRR the
meets or exceeds
hurdle rate
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Current Update!!
Demand "pull" inflation
Demand exceeds supply and prices are "pulled" up, caus-
ing inflation
Cost "push" inflation
Cost of materials goes up
causes of inflation
Example - if someone is making computers and the prices
for components to build the computers go up, then the
computers must be sold at a higher price to compensate
Built-in inflation
Employees demand higher wages
Real rate = nominal rate - inflation
Example - inflation is 2.5%. A friend is considering selling
a new type of lemonade, but it requires 5% investing in
this new type. They find that they can earn 8.5% (nominal
rate). What is the real return, and should they sell this type
real rate formula
of lemonade?
8.5% (nominal rate) - 2.5% (inflation) = 6% (real rate)
Yes, they should invest because the real rate is greater
than the required rate (5%)
A concept that states: a dollar today is worth more than a
time value money
dollar tomorrow
Consumption presences, Monetary inflation, Uncertainty
why a dollar loses its value over time
(risk)
A series of equal dollar amounts that are paid or received
at the end or beginning of equidistant points in time such
as monthly, quarterly, or annually, over a finite period of