NEUROSCIENCE FINAL EXAM – USA-
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
***Deep Cerebellar Nuclei (4) - ANSWER -Don't Eat Greasy foods
-Dentate - input from lateral regions
-Emboliform - input from intermediate regions
-Globase - input from intermediate regions
-Fastigal - input from medial (vermis) regions
***Input to cerebellar cortex (2) ...hint: fibers - ANSWER --Mossy fibers (excitatory)
-Climbing fibers (excitatory)
(Both synapse directly or indirectly onto Purkinje cells)
***Output from cerebellar cortex (name?) and (+ or -) - ANSWER --Purkinje axons
(inhibitory)
***Lesions to the intermediate cerebellum would affect what? - ANSWER -Extremity
coordination (appendicular ataxia)
***Lesions to the medial cerebellum would affect what? (3) - ANSWER -Trunk control,
posture, balance, unsteady gait, and **eye movements
***All outputs of the cerebellum go through what structures? (hint: 2 different nuclei) -
ANSWER -Deep cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei
• Why do deficits in coordination occur ipsilateral to the lesion?
- Crossings? - ANSWER -• Pathways from the cerebellum to the lateral motor systems
and periphery are "doubled crossed"
(B) Output form intermediate cerebellar hemisphere via interposed nuclei
• 1st crossing- exits at superior cerebellar peduncle and crosses
• 2nd Crossing- pyramidal Decussation and ventral tegmental Decussation (then
influence musculature via corticospinal and Rubrospinal tracts, respectively)
What are the S/S of cerebellar disorders? (8) - ANSWER --vertigo
-nausea & vomiting
-horizontal nystagmus
-slurred speech
-Limb ataxia
-truncal ataxia
-unsteady gait
-HA on side of lesion
, ****Cerebellar Artery Infarcts / Most common Artery - ANSWER -**1). Posterior inferior
cerebellar artery (PICA) -
**2). Superior cerebellar artery (SCA) - involves most of cerebellum, but spares lateral
BS.
•Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) - suplies internal auditory artery
Ataxia - ANSWER -("lack of order")- disordered contractions of agonist and antagonist
muscles and lack of normal coordination between movements at different joints
Truncal Ataxia (results from?) ... looks like - ANSWER --Results form lesions of the
vermis which affect the medial motor systems
-Wide-based, unsteady, "drunk-like" gait
Appendicular Ataxia - ANSWER --Results from lesions of the intermediate and lateral
cerebellum which affect the lateral motor systems
Caudate + Putamen = ? - ANSWER -Striatum
Putamen + Globus Pallidus = ? - ANSWER -Lenticular Nucleus
Parts of BG? (5) - ANSWER --Cuadate
-Putamen
-Globus Pallidus
- Subthalamic Nucleus
-Substantia Nigra
BG receives Input from ____ via the ____ - ANSWER --Cortex
-Striatum
BG Output to ____ via the ___&____ - ANSWER -Thalamus
GPi
Substantia Nigra (pars reticular)
Thalamus tell body to ____? - ANSWER -Move it!
***DIRECT PATHWAY Leads to? - ANSWER -Disinhibition (less inhibition) of thalamus
= movement
***INDIRECT PATHWAY Leads to? - ANSWER -Inhibition of thalamus= reduction of
movement
***Pathways through the BG (4 fcn's) - ANSWER --General Movement
-Eye Movement
-Emotion
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
***Deep Cerebellar Nuclei (4) - ANSWER -Don't Eat Greasy foods
-Dentate - input from lateral regions
-Emboliform - input from intermediate regions
-Globase - input from intermediate regions
-Fastigal - input from medial (vermis) regions
***Input to cerebellar cortex (2) ...hint: fibers - ANSWER --Mossy fibers (excitatory)
-Climbing fibers (excitatory)
(Both synapse directly or indirectly onto Purkinje cells)
***Output from cerebellar cortex (name?) and (+ or -) - ANSWER --Purkinje axons
(inhibitory)
***Lesions to the intermediate cerebellum would affect what? - ANSWER -Extremity
coordination (appendicular ataxia)
***Lesions to the medial cerebellum would affect what? (3) - ANSWER -Trunk control,
posture, balance, unsteady gait, and **eye movements
***All outputs of the cerebellum go through what structures? (hint: 2 different nuclei) -
ANSWER -Deep cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei
• Why do deficits in coordination occur ipsilateral to the lesion?
- Crossings? - ANSWER -• Pathways from the cerebellum to the lateral motor systems
and periphery are "doubled crossed"
(B) Output form intermediate cerebellar hemisphere via interposed nuclei
• 1st crossing- exits at superior cerebellar peduncle and crosses
• 2nd Crossing- pyramidal Decussation and ventral tegmental Decussation (then
influence musculature via corticospinal and Rubrospinal tracts, respectively)
What are the S/S of cerebellar disorders? (8) - ANSWER --vertigo
-nausea & vomiting
-horizontal nystagmus
-slurred speech
-Limb ataxia
-truncal ataxia
-unsteady gait
-HA on side of lesion
, ****Cerebellar Artery Infarcts / Most common Artery - ANSWER -**1). Posterior inferior
cerebellar artery (PICA) -
**2). Superior cerebellar artery (SCA) - involves most of cerebellum, but spares lateral
BS.
•Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) - suplies internal auditory artery
Ataxia - ANSWER -("lack of order")- disordered contractions of agonist and antagonist
muscles and lack of normal coordination between movements at different joints
Truncal Ataxia (results from?) ... looks like - ANSWER --Results form lesions of the
vermis which affect the medial motor systems
-Wide-based, unsteady, "drunk-like" gait
Appendicular Ataxia - ANSWER --Results from lesions of the intermediate and lateral
cerebellum which affect the lateral motor systems
Caudate + Putamen = ? - ANSWER -Striatum
Putamen + Globus Pallidus = ? - ANSWER -Lenticular Nucleus
Parts of BG? (5) - ANSWER --Cuadate
-Putamen
-Globus Pallidus
- Subthalamic Nucleus
-Substantia Nigra
BG receives Input from ____ via the ____ - ANSWER --Cortex
-Striatum
BG Output to ____ via the ___&____ - ANSWER -Thalamus
GPi
Substantia Nigra (pars reticular)
Thalamus tell body to ____? - ANSWER -Move it!
***DIRECT PATHWAY Leads to? - ANSWER -Disinhibition (less inhibition) of thalamus
= movement
***INDIRECT PATHWAY Leads to? - ANSWER -Inhibition of thalamus= reduction of
movement
***Pathways through the BG (4 fcn's) - ANSWER --General Movement
-Eye Movement
-Emotion
