Toxicology exam with correct answers

Toxicology exam with correct answers |\ |\ |\ |\




Toxicology - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-study of the adverse
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interactions of a living organisms with it's chemical
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environment.


dose response relationship - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
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fundamental principal of toxicology |\ |\ |\ |\




-the dose of a compound is related to the frequency of
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the observed response.
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-a sigmoidal curve with the log-dose on X and percentage
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of organisms that showed a response on Y.
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Paracelsus - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔All substances are |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right
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dose differentiates the poison and the remedy.
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Antagonism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- when two |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



chemicals that can produce results where the observed
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toxicity is less than the sum of the two chemicals. Eg.
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phenobarbitol and toluene. |\ |\ |\




4+7=9 or 5+0=2 |\ |\




Ethanol and Methanol - Ethanol is preferably metabolized
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over methanol. |\

,Additive effects - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔When two or
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more chemicals both act separately and result in a simple
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individual effect.
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-Normally seen with CNS depressants |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




-example is 111 trichloroethane and ethyl ether. 2+3=5
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Another example is benzene and toluene.
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1,1,1-trichloroethane - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Colourless, |\ |\ |\ |\



sweet-smelling. Once used as a solvent. Is ozone depleter
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and is being phase out rapidly.
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Ethyl Ether - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Or Diethyl ether.
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Commonly used as a solvent and a start up fuel in |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



mixtures with gasoline or petroleum products.
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Toluene - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Water insoluble with
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odour similar to paint thinner. Used as a precursor to
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benzene, as a solvent and a fuel. CNS depressant.
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Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Used to eliminate
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toluene.


Potentiation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-when one |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



compound increases the toxicity of a relatively non-toxic
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, compound. Example is the increased toxicity of carbon |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



tetrachloride in workers who are heavy users of ethanol. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



5+0=7


Carbon Tetrachloride - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Causes
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heaptic necrosis. |\ |\




-Used to manufacture refrigerants currently. -Formerly
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used as a pesticide and in fire extinguishers.
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-most potent hepatotoxin.
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Synergism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- the interaction |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



between two toxic chemicals that results in a toxic effect
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that is much greater than the additive effect of the two.
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-Example is smoking and asbestos. 5+10=50 |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




Crossing a Barrier - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Passive
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diffusion, facilitated diffusion and Active transport.
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-Passive is across a membrane concentration gradient,
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facilitated is the passage of a molecule across a |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



concentration gradient with the aide of a membrane |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



protein and active requires ATP and is against a
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concentration gradient. |\




4 routs of absorbtion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Inhilation
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(most signifcant)
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