FNDH 400 EXAMS 2026 BUNDLE
COMPILATION ACTUAL TEST PAPERS
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
◉ what's the importance of metallothionein to zinc? Answer: it's what
thionein is known as once thionein has bound a mineral (or a metal)
◉ what's the importance of thionein and metallothionein to copper?
Answer: copper binds to this to form metallothionein
-a more avid binder to this protein
◉ metalloenzymes Answer: enzymes that use zinc as a cofactor
◉ cupric (Cu2+) Answer: oxidized form of copper
◉ cuprous (Cu1+) Answer: reduced form of copper
◉ why is copper important to iron absorption/transport? Answer: it's
dependent on two copper-containing proteins, ceruloplasmin and
hephaestin to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+
-Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin
◉ what form of copper is used in supplements that is essentially not
absorbed at all? Answer: cupric oxide
,◉ why can copper deficiency result in hypochromic anemia? Answer: it
can result in a secondary iron deficiency, since Fe2+ cannot be oxidized
to Fe3+ to bind to transferrin
◉ what are Kayser-Fleischer rings? Answer: golden to greenish-brown
rings around the edges of the cornea
-result of copper toxicity
◉ what do Kayser-Fleischer rings result from? Answer: wilson's disease
-a genetic disorder where a mutation in ATP7B prevents copper
excretion, resulting in copper toxicity
◉ how can high zinc consumption lead to deficiencies in copper and
iron? Answer: -no ceruloplasmin is produced and released into
circulation
-decreasing ceruloplasmin in circulation and hephaestin on the
membrane of the enterocyte which normally convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ so
that iron can bind to transferrin
-without them Fe3+ is not formed from Fe2+
-Fe2+ is "trapped" in the enterocyte because it can't bind to transferrin
-enterocytes containing the "trapped" iron move up the crypt and are
also sloughed off and excreted in feces
-iron consumed essentially is lost from the body through this process
,◉ what are electrolytes? Answer: compounds that separate into ions
(molecules with a charge) in water
◉ what are cations? Answer: ions that have a positive charge
-a class of electrolytes
◉ what are anions? Answer: ions that have a negative charge
-a class of electrolytes
◉ how can increased plasma sodium concentrations lead to increased
blood pressure in salt-sensitive individuals? Answer: -salt-sensitive
means blood pressure increases with increased salt intake and decreases
with decreased salt intake
-increased plasma sodium concentrations increases plasma volume and
blood pressure
◉ prevalence of salt-sensitivity Answer: -25% of normotensive (normal
blood pressure) individuals
-50% of hypertensive individuals are salt-sensitive
◉ salt's relation to hypertension Answer: (high blood pressure), which
increases their risk of developing cardiovascular disease
-salt and/or sodium intake is believed to be a major causative factor
, ◉ the impact on recommendations to reduce salt/sodium intake of all
foods Answer: -reducing salt intake might not impact the blood pressure
of most people because they are not salt-sensitive
-reducing sodium in the food supply would not hurt the vast majority of
people
-it would likely help salt-sensitive people control their blood pressure
◉ DASH diet Answer: dietary approaches to stop hypertension
◉ what does the DASH diet emphasize? Answer: -fruits, vegetables, fat-
free/low-fat milk and milk products, whole grain products, fish, poultry,
nuts
-high in potassium, magnesium, calcium, protein, fiber
◉ what does the DASH diet limit? Answer: red meat, sweets, added
sugars, and sugar-containing beverages
◉ what's the debate around whether public health policy should be
trying to reduce the salt intake of everyone? Answer: currently there is
not a consensus about appropriate levels of salt intake
◉ arguments for reducing salt Answer: -salt-sensitive people don't have
very many options because salt is so prevalent in foods
COMPILATION ACTUAL TEST PAPERS
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
◉ what's the importance of metallothionein to zinc? Answer: it's what
thionein is known as once thionein has bound a mineral (or a metal)
◉ what's the importance of thionein and metallothionein to copper?
Answer: copper binds to this to form metallothionein
-a more avid binder to this protein
◉ metalloenzymes Answer: enzymes that use zinc as a cofactor
◉ cupric (Cu2+) Answer: oxidized form of copper
◉ cuprous (Cu1+) Answer: reduced form of copper
◉ why is copper important to iron absorption/transport? Answer: it's
dependent on two copper-containing proteins, ceruloplasmin and
hephaestin to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+
-Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin
◉ what form of copper is used in supplements that is essentially not
absorbed at all? Answer: cupric oxide
,◉ why can copper deficiency result in hypochromic anemia? Answer: it
can result in a secondary iron deficiency, since Fe2+ cannot be oxidized
to Fe3+ to bind to transferrin
◉ what are Kayser-Fleischer rings? Answer: golden to greenish-brown
rings around the edges of the cornea
-result of copper toxicity
◉ what do Kayser-Fleischer rings result from? Answer: wilson's disease
-a genetic disorder where a mutation in ATP7B prevents copper
excretion, resulting in copper toxicity
◉ how can high zinc consumption lead to deficiencies in copper and
iron? Answer: -no ceruloplasmin is produced and released into
circulation
-decreasing ceruloplasmin in circulation and hephaestin on the
membrane of the enterocyte which normally convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ so
that iron can bind to transferrin
-without them Fe3+ is not formed from Fe2+
-Fe2+ is "trapped" in the enterocyte because it can't bind to transferrin
-enterocytes containing the "trapped" iron move up the crypt and are
also sloughed off and excreted in feces
-iron consumed essentially is lost from the body through this process
,◉ what are electrolytes? Answer: compounds that separate into ions
(molecules with a charge) in water
◉ what are cations? Answer: ions that have a positive charge
-a class of electrolytes
◉ what are anions? Answer: ions that have a negative charge
-a class of electrolytes
◉ how can increased plasma sodium concentrations lead to increased
blood pressure in salt-sensitive individuals? Answer: -salt-sensitive
means blood pressure increases with increased salt intake and decreases
with decreased salt intake
-increased plasma sodium concentrations increases plasma volume and
blood pressure
◉ prevalence of salt-sensitivity Answer: -25% of normotensive (normal
blood pressure) individuals
-50% of hypertensive individuals are salt-sensitive
◉ salt's relation to hypertension Answer: (high blood pressure), which
increases their risk of developing cardiovascular disease
-salt and/or sodium intake is believed to be a major causative factor
, ◉ the impact on recommendations to reduce salt/sodium intake of all
foods Answer: -reducing salt intake might not impact the blood pressure
of most people because they are not salt-sensitive
-reducing sodium in the food supply would not hurt the vast majority of
people
-it would likely help salt-sensitive people control their blood pressure
◉ DASH diet Answer: dietary approaches to stop hypertension
◉ what does the DASH diet emphasize? Answer: -fruits, vegetables, fat-
free/low-fat milk and milk products, whole grain products, fish, poultry,
nuts
-high in potassium, magnesium, calcium, protein, fiber
◉ what does the DASH diet limit? Answer: red meat, sweets, added
sugars, and sugar-containing beverages
◉ what's the debate around whether public health policy should be
trying to reduce the salt intake of everyone? Answer: currently there is
not a consensus about appropriate levels of salt intake
◉ arguments for reducing salt Answer: -salt-sensitive people don't have
very many options because salt is so prevalent in foods
