NR 507 Pathophysiology Midterm
Practice Exam (2026) | Chamberlain
– 150 Questions with Ans, Exams of
Nursing
anemia due to gastrectomy - ANSWER//loss of intrinsic factor from surgery
results in the loss of protein necessary for vitamin B12 absorption an can lead
to anemia what kind of anemia can result from incorrect blood transfusion -
ANSWER//hemolytic anemia normocytic normochromic anemia -
ANSWER//Characterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size and
hemoglobin content but insufficient in number hemolytic anemia is what kind
of anemia - ANSWER//normocytic normochromic anemia polycythemia vera -
ANSWER//condition characterized by too many erythrocytes; blood becomes
too thick to flow easily through blood vessels Kidney Anatomy -
ANSWER//renal artery renal vein cortex, medulla, renal pelvis ureter renal
pyramid nephron Nephron Anatomy - ANSWER//1. glomerulus 2. bowman's
capsule 3. collecting duct 4. tubule 5. capillary Bladder anatomy - ANSWER//-
ureter - bladder -urethra reabsorption (kidney) - ANSWER//movement of
solutes from filtrate to blood things taken back that were secreted of filtered by
the kidney what solutes are typically reabsorbed - ANSWER//glucose, ions,
amino acids and urea Where is most of the solute reabsorbed? -
ANSWER//proximal convoluted tubule What effects amount of water and
solute reabsorption - ANSWER//ADH and aldosterone secretion (kidney) -
ANSWER//movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere besides
bowman's capsule able to secrete salts, acids, bases and urea directly into
the tubule via *active or passive transport* what is secreted into the tubule
depends on what the body needs at that time ex. eating a lot of protein
nitrogen waste is a product of protein metabolism (ammonia) liver converts
ammonia to urea and the kidneys secreted urea into the tubule for secretion
also possible to eliminate products that are in excess in the blood --
potassium, hydrogen,
Asthma - ANSWER//Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles What are 5 s/s of asthma
- ANSWER//coughing wheezing shortness of breath rapid breathing chest
tightness Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER//-airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm -excess mucus
production and accumulation -hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle -
airflow obstruction -decreased alveolar ventilation Bronchioles -
ANSWER//smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become
the alveoli 3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSWER//innermost layer middle
layer - lamina propria outermost layer lamina propria - ANSWER//the middle
layer of the bronchioles structure of the lamina propria - ANSWER//embedded
with connective tissue cells and immune cells purpose of the lamina propria -
ANSWER//white blood cells are present to help protect the airways How does
the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - ANSWER//the
, WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue What does the innermost layer of the
bronchioles contain - ANSWER//columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing
goblet cells What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain -
ANSWER//smooth muscle cells what does the outermost layer of the
bronchioles do - ANSWER//control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWER//When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus
plug thus trapping air inside how does hyperinflation occur? - ANSWER//the
ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that
the bronchial walls collapse around Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar -
ANSWER//-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2) - respiratory
acidosis What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma -
ANSWER//tiotropium and ipratropium What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?
- ANSWER//These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous
system - increasing bronchodilation MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma -
ANSWER//the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to
release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the
respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow - blocking
the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction bronchitis - ANSWER//inflammation of the bronchial
tubes 3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSWER//bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive
months for at least 2 successive years Perfusion - ANSWER//The supply of
oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a
result of the flow of blood through the capillaries. results of chronic bronchitis/
low perfusion - ANSWER//cyanosis right to left shunting chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSWER//there is hypoxia
due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange Right to left shunting -
ANSWER//when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and
to the left ventricle without perfusion Causes of bronchitis - ANSWER//-long
term exposure to environmental irritants -repeated episodes of acute infection
(RSV infection in early infancy) -Factors affecting gestational childhood lung
development (preterm birth) Pathogenesis of bronchitis - ANSWER//-
Exposure to airborne irritants - Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle
constriction and mucus secretion - Triggers release of inflammatory mediators
from immune cells located in the lamina propria most common irritant with
bronchitis is? - ANSWER//tobacco product smoke what does long term
exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - ANSWER//- smooth muscle
hypertrophy - hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells - epithelial cell
metaplasia - migration of more WBC to site - thickening and rigidity of
bronchial basement membrane What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in
lungs? - ANSWER//causes increased bronchoconstriction Hypertrophy and
hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - ANSWER//promotes
hypersecretion of mucus What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia?
- ANSWER//squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow
passage of toxins and WBCs What does the migration of WBCs to the
bronchials do? - ANSWER//increases inflammation of the cite and causes
fibrosis in the bronchial wall How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial
basement membranes effect the lungs? - ANSWER//leads to further
Practice Exam (2026) | Chamberlain
– 150 Questions with Ans, Exams of
Nursing
anemia due to gastrectomy - ANSWER//loss of intrinsic factor from surgery
results in the loss of protein necessary for vitamin B12 absorption an can lead
to anemia what kind of anemia can result from incorrect blood transfusion -
ANSWER//hemolytic anemia normocytic normochromic anemia -
ANSWER//Characterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size and
hemoglobin content but insufficient in number hemolytic anemia is what kind
of anemia - ANSWER//normocytic normochromic anemia polycythemia vera -
ANSWER//condition characterized by too many erythrocytes; blood becomes
too thick to flow easily through blood vessels Kidney Anatomy -
ANSWER//renal artery renal vein cortex, medulla, renal pelvis ureter renal
pyramid nephron Nephron Anatomy - ANSWER//1. glomerulus 2. bowman's
capsule 3. collecting duct 4. tubule 5. capillary Bladder anatomy - ANSWER//-
ureter - bladder -urethra reabsorption (kidney) - ANSWER//movement of
solutes from filtrate to blood things taken back that were secreted of filtered by
the kidney what solutes are typically reabsorbed - ANSWER//glucose, ions,
amino acids and urea Where is most of the solute reabsorbed? -
ANSWER//proximal convoluted tubule What effects amount of water and
solute reabsorption - ANSWER//ADH and aldosterone secretion (kidney) -
ANSWER//movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere besides
bowman's capsule able to secrete salts, acids, bases and urea directly into
the tubule via *active or passive transport* what is secreted into the tubule
depends on what the body needs at that time ex. eating a lot of protein
nitrogen waste is a product of protein metabolism (ammonia) liver converts
ammonia to urea and the kidneys secreted urea into the tubule for secretion
also possible to eliminate products that are in excess in the blood --
potassium, hydrogen,
Asthma - ANSWER//Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles What are 5 s/s of asthma
- ANSWER//coughing wheezing shortness of breath rapid breathing chest
tightness Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER//-airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm -excess mucus
production and accumulation -hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle -
airflow obstruction -decreased alveolar ventilation Bronchioles -
ANSWER//smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become
the alveoli 3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSWER//innermost layer middle
layer - lamina propria outermost layer lamina propria - ANSWER//the middle
layer of the bronchioles structure of the lamina propria - ANSWER//embedded
with connective tissue cells and immune cells purpose of the lamina propria -
ANSWER//white blood cells are present to help protect the airways How does
the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - ANSWER//the
, WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue What does the innermost layer of the
bronchioles contain - ANSWER//columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing
goblet cells What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain -
ANSWER//smooth muscle cells what does the outermost layer of the
bronchioles do - ANSWER//control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWER//When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus
plug thus trapping air inside how does hyperinflation occur? - ANSWER//the
ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that
the bronchial walls collapse around Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar -
ANSWER//-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2) - respiratory
acidosis What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma -
ANSWER//tiotropium and ipratropium What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?
- ANSWER//These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous
system - increasing bronchodilation MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma -
ANSWER//the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to
release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the
respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow - blocking
the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction bronchitis - ANSWER//inflammation of the bronchial
tubes 3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSWER//bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive
months for at least 2 successive years Perfusion - ANSWER//The supply of
oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a
result of the flow of blood through the capillaries. results of chronic bronchitis/
low perfusion - ANSWER//cyanosis right to left shunting chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSWER//there is hypoxia
due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange Right to left shunting -
ANSWER//when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and
to the left ventricle without perfusion Causes of bronchitis - ANSWER//-long
term exposure to environmental irritants -repeated episodes of acute infection
(RSV infection in early infancy) -Factors affecting gestational childhood lung
development (preterm birth) Pathogenesis of bronchitis - ANSWER//-
Exposure to airborne irritants - Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle
constriction and mucus secretion - Triggers release of inflammatory mediators
from immune cells located in the lamina propria most common irritant with
bronchitis is? - ANSWER//tobacco product smoke what does long term
exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - ANSWER//- smooth muscle
hypertrophy - hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells - epithelial cell
metaplasia - migration of more WBC to site - thickening and rigidity of
bronchial basement membrane What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in
lungs? - ANSWER//causes increased bronchoconstriction Hypertrophy and
hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - ANSWER//promotes
hypersecretion of mucus What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia?
- ANSWER//squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow
passage of toxins and WBCs What does the migration of WBCs to the
bronchials do? - ANSWER//increases inflammation of the cite and causes
fibrosis in the bronchial wall How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial
basement membranes effect the lungs? - ANSWER//leads to further
